3. Noun as a Left-hand Attribute.

The E pattern N+N is translated with the help of different lexico-grammatical transformations.

1. by a left-hand adjectival attribute: Title problem – головна проблема, recent survey – нещодавній огляд.

2. By a right-hand attribute expressed by a N genitive case: the benefits of rapid data collection – переваги швидкого збирання даних.

Sometimes the norms of the TL require the use of additional words in the translation: a nine-page bibliography – бібліографія обсягом дев’ять сторінок.

3) by a right-hand attribute expressed by some other noun case (not genitive), sometimes with prepositions: the Type 1 error data – дані про помилки першого типу.

4) by attributive clause: Unfortunately, the history people have not of late been talking with the theory people. На жаль, останнім часом люди, які займаються історією, не спілкуються з тими, хто займається теорією.

4. The Translation of the Transferred Epithet.

A common occurrence in English texts is the transferred epithet, syntactically joined to a word to which it does not belong logically. Such epithets describe the state of a human being referred to an inanimate object: sleepless bed, thoughtful pipe, breathless eagerness. As often as not such combinations will be thought of as too bizarre in R/U or alien to the type of the text and the epithet will have to be used with the name of the object it refers to.

“The sound of the solemn bells” will become “торжественное звучание колоколов” and “the smiling attention of the stranger” will be translated as “внимание улыбающегося незнакомца”.

Melanie burst into tears and made her stumbling way to the door. Мелани разразилась слезами, спотыкаясь, пошла к двери. The other detectives followed him at a reluctant trot. Остальные сыщики неохотно следовали за ним рысцой. Isabel shrugged an indifferent shoulder. Изабелл равнодушно пожала плечами.

5. Translation of attributive groups.

Translation of attributive groups presents some difficulties. English attributive groups are used to convey various adverbial ideas of location, purpose, cause, etc. Consider such groups as ‘Madrid trial’ (location), ‘profits drive’ (purpose), ‘war suffering’ (cause). Such groups may also express various action-object relationships: ‘labour raids’ (raids against the workers), ‘labour spies’ (spies among the workers). A word within an attributive group may sometimes alter its meaning. So ‘war rehabilitation’ is ‘rehabilitation of economy after the war’, that is ‘post-war rehabilitation’.

Many attributive groups are polysemantic and are translated in a different way in different contexts. ‘The Moscow proposals’ may imply ‘proposals made in Moscow’, ‘proposals made by Moscow (government of Russia)’, ‘proposals on Moscow(of political, economic or other nature)’. This dissimilarity gives rise to a number of translation problems.

The first group of problems stems from the broader semantic relationship between the attribute and the noun. As it has been pointed out the attribute may refer not only to some property of the object but also to its location, purpose, cause. As a result a translator has to make a thorough analysis of the context to find out what the meaning of the group is in each particular case.

Non-smoker compartment – купе для некурящих

Local authority staff – працівники місцевих органів влади

The second group of problems results from the difficulties in handling multi-member attributive structures. The English-speaking people make wide use of ‘multi-storied structures’ with complicated internal semantic relationships. The tax paid for the right to take part in the election is described as ‘the poll tax’. The states where this tax is collected are ‘the pool tax states’ and the governors of these states are ‘the poll tax states governors’. Now these governors may hold a conference which will be referred to as ‘the poll tax states governors conference’ and so on. Given the multiplicity of possible translations such structures should be analyzed in terms of factors influencing the choice of the TL variants: a glass reinforced plastics lifeboats construction – зміцнена склопластиком конструкція рятувального човна, The Sunday Express newspaper leader writer – автор передовиць газети ‘Санді експрес’, the City Cooper Square Community Development Committee – комітет по переплануванню площі Купера лондонського Сіті.

There are attributive groups with latent (скрытый) predication where a whole sentence is used to qualify a noun as its attribute.

He was being the boss again, using the its-my-money-now-do-as-you-are-told voice.

Here correspondences can be described in an indirect way only by stating that the attribute is usually translated into R\U as a separate sentence and that this sentence should be joined to the noun by a short introductory element.

The Judge’s face wore his own I-knew-they-were-guilty-all-along expression.

На лице судьи появилось обычное выражение, говорившее: «Я всё время знал, что они виновны».

Attributive groups which are phraseological units can be used both in literature and oral colloquial speech: a happy-go-lucky fellow – бесшабашный парень, set-the-Thames-afire gentlemen – господа, которые хотят удивить мир.