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Lecture 4 The Translation of the Secondary Parts of the Sentence.

I. The Translation of an Object.

  1. The formal object ‘one’.

The formal object ‘one’ is used before the infinitive a denotes a living being. The predicates are expressed by verbs “allow, permit, lead, enable”. As there is no such grammatical structure in TL, the formal object ‘one’ is not translated.

This would allow one to compare the two realizations. Це б дозволило порівняти дві зазначені реалізації.

  1. The formal object ‘it’.

The formal object ‘it’ is used after the verbs ‘make, deem, feel, find, take’ and some others as well as before the adjectives ‘possible, necessary, difficult, hard, clear, easy, appropriate, evident, impossible’. The notional/ real object is expressed by the infinitive phrase or by a subordinate clause. As there is no similar structure in R/U it is not translated.

This analysis makes it difficult to accept Baron’s conclusion. Цей аналіз показує, що з висновком Барона навряд чи можна погодитися.

The formal object ‘it’ should not be confused with the real object expressed by the personal pronoun ‘it’ that stands for the preceding noun.

  1. The inverted object.

While translating the sentences with the inverted object we can preserve the word order of the original or can change it by placing the object after the predicate.

This I believe I have already shown not to be the case. Вважаю, що я вже показав, що це не так.

This we do in the following way. Це ми робимо наступним чином.

To this we shall now turn. Тепер ми звернемося до цього.

II. The Translation of the Adverbial Modifier.

  1. Adverbs with the suffix –ly.

Both qualitative and relative adjectives in E can form adverbs with the help of –ly, while in U it is rarely possible to form adverbs from relative adjectives. That’s why we often have to substitute E adverbs in –ly for word-combinations in TL.

There are now many case histories of people who have been exposed occupationally to low doses of radiation. Нині вже зареєстровано багато випадків захворювання людей, які зазнали опромінення малими дозами радіації під час роботи.

Most devices are hydraulically actuated. Більшість пристроїв працює на базі гідравлічного приводу.

E. adverbs in –ly formed from relative adjectives are often translated by word-combinations: з (означеної) точки зору, в означеному плані, що стосується.

Historically, this research tradition became established early in this century. В історичному плані ця дослідницька традиція встановилася на початку нинішнього сторіччя.

Some adverbs in –ly are translated by corresponding U adverbs:

We realize the same point also when we think of all the “phenomena” which at any time are not simply admitted into science. Це ж положення стає актуальним тоді, коли ми згадуємо всі ті «явища», яким у будь-який час важко потрапити до науки.

E adverbial modifiers expressed by adverbs and separated by commas at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence have the meaning very close to that of a parenthesis and are translated with the help of some additional words.

But now, incredibly, the chains were removed. Но теперь, как это ни было невероятно, цепи сняли.Unbelievingly, he protested. Все еще не веря, он начал протестовать.

In E we often use adverbial modifiers of manner, expressed by adverbs formed from PI or PII with the help of –ly. They can be translated by an adverbial participle, word-combination and so on:

Valentin smoked frowningly for a few seconds. Валентин, хмурясь, некоторое время курил. The Duchess went on accusingly. Герцогиня продолжала говорить обвинительным тоном.

Sometimes the translator uses a descriptive way of translation:

A private duty nurse was reportedly on the way. Частная дежурная медсестра, как им сообщили, уже выехала. The water was achingly cold. Вода была так холодна, что сводило все члены.

English is a laconic language, which is reflected in such adverbs as politically, financially and so on.

Statistically and investmentwise the clothing industry is of great importance to the economy. По статистическим показателям и по размерам капиталовложений промышленность по производству готовой одежды играет важную роль в экономике станы. This is fundamentally wrong. Это в основе своей неверно.

In some cases such adverbs gives an opportunity to avoid using prepositional and other types of objects, substituting them by adverbial modifiers.

All these branches are centrally directed from a head office. Всеми этими филиалами руководит из центра главное управление. He listed specific areas for study and urged planning – presidentially inspired – for aviation on the ground. Он перечислил конкретные вопросы, требующие изучения, и призвал к планированию в области наземной авиации под руководством президента.

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