X Speak on the topic using the following words and word combinations:

floral design, balanced composition, flower arranging, making bouquets and compositions, cut flowers, foliage, herbs, ornamental grasses, abundant varieties, holidays and events, styles of floristry, floristry craft skills, principles of design, original and bespoken floral arrangements, qualitative education and training, opportunity to study.

TEXT B

I Read and learn:

1. poppy мак

2. indecent безтактовний, вульгарний, непривабливий

3. divergent той, що відхиляється у різні боки, що розходиться

4. ivy плющ

5. fidelity вірність

6. pansies братки

7. haughtiness високомірря, надмінність, гордовитість

8. chastity цнотливість, невинність

9. virtue доброчесність, гідність

10. devotion відданість, сильна прихильність

II Read the text and define the main idea of it: Flower Symbolism

Flowers have various different meanings in different cultures. The holidays and events for which flowers are used vary. Poppies are used to remember fallen soldiers only in Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries. The cultural meaning of colours also strongly affects the choice and use of flowers. People often prefer flowers that are associated with their ethnic group or country, and various colours may have special meanings of luck or death or love or other basic human traits. A flower such as a red rose might to some mean love, but to others it might be considered indecent or simply puzzling. The vastly divergent views on the white colour can lead to major flower issues. White is viewed as standing for death in many Asian cultures but is considered a symbol of purity and innocence in many European and American cultures. Such differences can lead to difficult issues when a bouquet of white lilies, for example, is delivered.

Purple lilac symbolizes "first emotions of love" in the language of flowers.

The language of flowers, sometimes called floriography, was a Victorian-era means of communication in which various flowers and floral arrangements were used to send coded messages, allowing individuals to express feelings which otherwise could not be spoken. This language was most commonly communicated through Tussie-Mussies, an art which has a following today. King Charles II brought the art to Sweden from Persia in the 17th century, but it originated in two places: first the antiquated floral symbology which had filtered down from antiquity and secondly from the Turkish Salem, or language of objects, developed to communicate any message without the need to write. The Japanese flower language is called Hanakotoba.

The nuances of the language are now mostly forgotten, but red roses still imply passionate, romantic love; pink roses stand for a lesser affection; white roses suggest virtue and chastity; and yellow roses still stand for friendship or devotion.

Also commonly known meanings are sunflowers, which can indicate either haughtiness or respect – they were the favourite flowers of St. Julie Billiart for this reason. Gerbera (Daisy) means innocence or purity. The iris, being named for the messenger of the gods in Greek mythology, still represents a message being sent. A pansy signifies thought, a daffodil regard, and a string of ivy fidelity.

III Make up a plan of the text.

IV Translate the paragraph in italics in a written form.

V Render the text in brief in a written form.

VI Work in pairs. Discuss the questions.

1. Why do flowers have various different meanings in different cultures?

2. What flowers are used to remember fallen soldiers in Ukraine?

3. What usually determines the choice of flowers?

4. What special meanings of colours can you remember?

5. Do meanings of colours coincide when being used in different areas of design? Explain your answer.

6. What flowers are presented for various occasions? Give examples.

7. How can flowers be used in interior design?

8. What can flowers communicate?

9. What specific meaning of flowers do you know?

10. What differences in colour choice exist in different cultures?