Вариант № 4

I. Перепишите предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The factories are provided with new machines.

2. Several parts of the machine are being reconstructed by the mechanic now.

3. He will send the letter tomorrow.

4. Several jobs were offered to me by the manager.

5. Our experiments will have been finished by the end of the year.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, найдите и подчеркните инфинитив и причастие, определите функцию инфинитива и причастия в предложении.

1. The students must work on the farms.

2. Changed into his uniform, he looked younger and slimmer.

3. What we really want is a good critical article revealing our drawbacks.

4. To solve this problem is very important for agriculture.

5. To ski in the forest gives me pleasure.

6. He was playing tennis the whole evening yesterday.

7. He worked hard in order to improve his pronunciation.

8. To write the report he read a lot of literature.

III. Перепишите предложения, найдите и подчеркните объективный и субъективный инфинитивные обороты, переведите на русский язык.

1. He hated people to argue about trifles.

2. The book is said to be very popular.

3. He is not sure to change his opinion.

4. She made him repeat her words several times.

5. This treatment is certain to help you a lot.

IV. Перепишите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом, переведите их.

1. The work on the farm being very interesting, many students want to work there.

2. The soil having been prepared well, wheat gave a good yield.

3. Nobody being at home, Peter invited his friends.

V. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Text A

ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE AND WEATHER

The atmosphere of the Earth serves as a key factor in sustaining the planetary ecosystem. The thin layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by the planet's gravity. Dry air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon and other inert gases, such as carbon dioxide. The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor and suspensions of water droplets and ice crystals seen as clouds. Many natural substances may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including dust, pollen and spores, sea spray, volcanic ash, and meteoroids. Various industrial pollutants also may be present, such as chlorine (elementary or in compounds), fluorine compounds, elemental mercury, and sulphur compounds such as sulphur dioxide [SO2].

The ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in depleting the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As DNA is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorological elements in a given region over long periods of time. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these same elements over periods up to two weeks.

Text B

ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

Ecological engineering is an emerging study of integrating ecology and engineering, concerned with the design, monitoring and construction of ecosystems. According to Mitsch (1996) "the design of sustainable ecosystems intends to integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both".

Ecological engineering emerged as a new idea in the early 1960s, but its definition has taken several decades to refine, its implementation is still undergoing adjustment, and its broader recognition as a new paradigm is relatively recent. Ecological engineering was introduced by Howard Odum and others as utilizing natural energy sources as the predominant input to manipulate and control environmental systems.

Mitsch and Jorgensen wrote that ecological engineering is designing societal services such that they benefit society and nature, and later noted the design should be systems based, sustainable, and integrate society with its natural environment. Odum emphasized that self-organizational properties were a central feature to ecological engineering.

Mitsch and Jørgensen were the first to define ecological engineering and provide ecological engineering principles. Later they refined the definition and increased the number of principles. They defined and characterized ecological engineering. They suggest the goal of ecological engineering is: a) the restoration of ecosystems that have been substantially disturbed by human activities such as environmental pollution or land disturbance, and b) the development of new sustainable ecosystems that have both human and ecological values. They summarized the five concepts key to ecological engineering as:

it is based on the self-designing capacity of ecosystems,

it can be a field test of ecological theory,

it relies on integrated system approaches,

it conserves non-renewable energy, and

it supports biological conservation.

Ecological engineering can be defined as: utilizing ecological science and theory, applying to all types of ecosystems, adapting engineering design methods, and acknowledging a guiding value system.