VII. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя правила согласования времен:

1. Он сказал, что занят, что он работает над докладом. 2. Моя сестра сказала, что никогда не встречала эту женщину раньше и ничего не слышала о ней. 3. Мы были очень рады, что они не заблудились в незна­комом городе и пришли вовремя. 4. Все думали, что лекция начнется в десять. 5. Мы не надеялись, что увидим его снова.

VIII. Преобразуйте диалог в косвенную речь:

Josh: Hello, Martin! I haven't seen you for a long time.

Martin: Hello, Josh. I have moved my house.

Josh: When did you move?

Martin: About three years ago.

Josh: It has been a long time then. Funny, you haven't changed a lot. Let's go to the cafe and have a talk.

Martin: Sorry, but I will be late for work if I stay with you. Let's meet in the evening.

Josh: I finish working at seven. Here is my telephone number. If you are free we will meet at a half past seven.

Martin: I'm sure I will not be busy at this time. Good-bye.

IX. Переведите текст «What is Journalism» письменно. Темы для обсуждения на зачете

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN TRADITIONS AND HOLIDAYS

Almost every nation has a peculiarity of some kind. The Eng­lish are a nation of stay-at-homes. There is no place like home, they say. “The Englishman's home is his castle”, is a saying known all over the world. English people prefer small houses for one family with a small garden. They are very slow to adopt reforms.

The Englishman prizes privacy, the American prefers socia­bility. American houses have no hedges or big fences separating them. They all show keen interest in your affairs and they are ready to help you. They love change and movement. They call it “the spirit of adventure”.

There are some common holidays in Great Britain and the USA. Many of them have British origin and were brought to the new continent with the first settlers. Let's take Valentine’s Day. February 14 is sweethearts’ day, when people express their affection for each other in gay and merry ways. Special greeting-cards in the form of a heart with verses or words of love are sent to people on that day.

Halloween is celebrated on the 31^st of October. It means “holy evening». The holiday is connected with witches and ghosts. People put on strange costumes and pretend they are witches. They tell thrilling stories. They cut horrible faces on pumpkins, put a candle inside and place this lantern on the window to frighten ghosts.

Christmas is the most important and merry festival of the year. Most families decorate their houses and put a Christmas tree. There are a lot of traditions connected with Christmas. But the most important one is the giving of presents.

Of course there are many peculiar holidays in each coun­try. English people celebrate Guy Fawkes Night on the 5^th of November. In 1605 there was an attempt to blow up the Hou­ses of Parliament. Still the British traditionally burn a guy on a bonfire on this day.

Since Lincoln's time it has been the custom for the Presi­dent of the USA to proclaim the fourth Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day. It was first celebrated in 1621 by the first settlers who had overcome many hardships.

The Fourth of July is the American nation’s birthday. It honours the day in 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was adopted. The country of 13 states was given the name of «The United States of America".

Questions:

1. What houses do the English prefer?

2. What are the traditions of St. Valentine’s Day?

3. When is Halloween celebrated?

4. What is the most important and merry festival?

5. When is the American nation’s birthday?

EDUCATION

The educational system in Great Britain is divided into 3 chief parts: primary, secondary and higher. Parallel to the state system, there are private schools. Primary education consists of infant school for children aged 5-7 and junior school for children aged 8-11. Children here study Arithmetics, Reading, Nature Study, Geography and other subjects. Secondary schools are grammar, technical, modern and comprehensive. Children who are inte­rested in literature, languages, history go to grammar schools. Those who are good at mathematics, physics and chemistry go to technical schools. Modern schools give a more vocational education. Comprehensive schools offer their pupils all sided education.

There are about 50 universities in Great Britain. There are colleges besides.

Secondary school system of the USA also consists of pub­lic and private schools. The Federal Government has no direct control over schools. Each state makes its own laws for its educational system. Education is compulsory for every child from the age of 6 up to the age of 16. Children spend 6 years at elementary school, 3 years at junior high school and 3 years at high school.

The pupils enter elementary school at the age of 6. They study English, Arithmetics, Geography and History of the USA, Nature Study. High school prepares young people either for work or for more advanced study in a college or university. An important part of high school life is extra-curricular activities.

Education in Russia is compulsory for every child from the age of 6-7 up to 17. The tuition is free of charge. But recently new schools, private ones, have appeared in our country. There are schools of general education, specialized schools, gymnasiums, where pupils get profound knowledge on a high professional level. Much attention is paid to foreign languages. Young people can get secondary education at different kinds of vocatio­nal or technical schools and colleges, where they receive a specialty.

Higher education in our country includes universities, in­stitutes, and academies. Many institutes have evening and extra­mural departments.

Questions:

1. How many parts is the British system of education divided into?

2. How many universities are there in Great Britain?

3. What subjects do the children study in elementary school?

4. Are there any private schools in our country? When have they appeared in Russia?

5. What subject is paid much attention nowadays in schools of our country?

TRAVELLING

People travel on business or for pleasure. Thousands of people spend their holidays travelling. There are many ways of travelling: hiking, travelling by air, sea, train, and car. Travel­ling is very interesting and useful because you get to know our beautiful nature and people. I always enjoy picturesque places, monuments of history and culture.

Most people travel by train. Trains take a lot of passen­gers. They are comfortable and quick enough for most people. You must book a ticket beforehand in the booking office, look at the schedule to learn the time of the departure, pack your things and arrive at the railway station. The conductor will show you to your compartment. When the train starts you can take your berth and watch everything through the window.

Many people prefer travelling by air, as it is the most convenient, comfortable and quickest means of travelling. There is no dust or dirt of the railway or car journey. You book the ticket in the booking office beforehand. You must register at the airport. Your luggage is weighed. You can have 20 kilo­grams of luggage free of charge. Before the plane takes off the stewardess gives all the information about the flight, the speed and the altitude. But some people get air-sick.

If you want to get the most delightful impressions on holidays I advise you to travel by sea or river. You book your passage on board a modern liner. These liners are real floa­ting cities with all modern conveniences and a wide choice of sport and entertainment facilities. Every modern liner has a number of decks. Passengers occupy cabins. A cabin looks very much like a compartment of a railroad sleeping-car, but the windows are round and are called portholes. You needn't worry about your meals on board the liner. If you are not sea-sick the voyage will .give you many moments of joy. But this is the most expensive way of travelling.

If you travel by car you can start and stop when and where you like. Manу people travel by car and rest at campings near a lake or a sea.

As for me I prefer travelling on foot. Fresh air does people a lot of good. You can go to those places where no ship, no car, no train can get. You can climb a mountain and walk in a forest; you can enjoy the beauty of nature, a pleasant company of friends. The only disadvantage is your heavy rucksack.

Questions:

1. How many ways of travelling do you know?

2. What is the quickest way of travelling?

3. What is the most expensive way of travelling?

4. What advantages will you have if you travel on foot?

5. What is your favorite means of travelling?

NEWSPAPERS IN THE USA

In the USA daily newspapers are published in 34 different languages. The daily newspapers are of two kinds: quality and popular. “The Wall Street Journal” is a quality newspaper. It covers national and international news. It is a business newspaper with the largest circulation in the country. “The Washington Post”, a serious daily newspaper, is of national interest in particular because it contains full coverage of Congress. A truly national newspaper “US Today” in its popular form offers news of general interest. It has a circulation of 1.2 million.

But this is not enough for the country where state city local news deeply affects the reader. The problem concerning the national press is acute. One can say that there is no national press in the USA as most daily papers are distributed locally.

In another sense there is a national US press, one that comes from the sharing of news. Some of the largest newspapers not only print but collect and sell news, news features and photographs to the US and foreign newspapers. “The New York Times”, “The Washington Post”, “The Los Angeles Times” are the best news services of this kind. Other newspapers of international excellence are: “The Christian Science Monitor”, “The Sun” and so on. “The New York Times” is ranked as “the world’s top daily”.

Questions:

1. How many languages are the USA daily newspapers published in?

2. What is a truly national newspaper in the USA? What is its circulation?

3. What quality US newspapers do you know?

4. Why can we say that there is no national press in the USA?

5. What US newspaper is ranked as “the world’s top daily”?

NEWSPAPERS IN GREAT BRITAIN

In Great Britain there are no official government newspapers. The government does not exercise any official control over the newspaper industry, and most of the English newspapers are very proud of their peculiarities, their individual styles. British newspapers differ from one another and although every newspaper has a definite profile, they can be classified into two main groups: quality and popular newspapers.

Quality newspapers are serious national daily newspapers appealing mainly to the upper and middle classes. They are: “Financial Times”, “The Times”, “The Guardian”, and “The Daily Telegraph”. “The Daily Telegraph” contains reports on national and international news and gives a full covering of sports and other topics. “Financial Times” is read mainly by professional business people as it contains a comprehensive coverage of industry, commerce and public affairs. “The Guardian” gives a wide coverage of news, events and reports on social issues, the arts, education, etc. “The Times” is the most famous newspaper. It is not actually the oldest newspaper in Britain, but some years ago it celebrated its two hundredth birthday. “The Times” represents the news of the establishment and is well-known for its correspondence column.

Popular tabloid newspapers are smaller in size and contain many photographs. Unlike quality newspapers popular ones are not so serious and their stories tend to be sensational. Popular newspapers are: “The Daily Express”, “The Daily Mirror”, “The Daily Star”, “The Daily Mail” and “The Sun”. They have a national daily circulation and appeal mainly to the working and middle classes. “The Daily Mirror” supports the Labour Party.

Questions:

1. What main groups can the British press be classified into?

2. What people do quality newspapers mainly appeal to?

3. What quality British newspapers do you know?

4. What is “The Times” famous for?

5. What do you know about popular British newspapers?

IV KУРС

Грамматический материал:

1. Сослагательное наклонение в условных придаточных предложениях.

2. Сослагательное наклонение в дополнительных придаточных предложениях после глагола wish.