Digital Art Programs
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть тексти:
Digital art
Throughout history, advances in technology have shaped the way artists create. The 1930s, for example, saw the arrival of paints made with plastic binders. These paints extended the media choices of painters. They were also less messy than oil paints because they used water as a solvent.
More recent advances have brought about other sweeping changes in the way art can be created. In this lesson, you will learn about an advance that has touched off a new revolution in art. That advance is digital technology.
ELECTRONIC MEDIA-GENERATED ART
Before the mid-1800s, painters had to grind pigments by hand. The appearance of paint in tubes changed all that. It made the painter’s life easier. In the same way, technology has been making many art tasks easier.
Digital Art Programs
How many computers do you have in your classroom? How many do you have at home? Even if you have not used computers very much, you are probably aware that they do a number of different tasks. Many tasks are done with one or several programs, or applications. Digital drawings or images
are stored as files in the computer’s memory. Once saved, they may be opened and reworked. Most digital art applications are one of two main types:
● Paint programs. In paint programs, images are stored as bitmaps, which are a series of tiny dots called pixels. It is easy to edit an image pixel by pixel. In general, paint programs have tools to create
original images and alter images that are scanned in or captured with a digital camera. Figure 13–1 was made using paint programs.
Figure 13–1
● Draw programs. In draw programs, images are stored as a series of lines and curves called vectors. Each line or curve used to create a shape results from a mathematical formula. Each shape is known as
an object. An advantage of draw programs is that objects have sharp, crisp edges and can be resized without distortion. Think of draw programs as a collection of objects or a collage.In the last decade, lines between paint and draw programs have begun to blur. Web design and photo-enhancing programs combine aspects of each, although they mainly remain bitmap-based (Paint) or vector-based (Draw). Web design programs include animation tools for images that are only viewed on a computer monitor or screen.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. What is the difference between a paint program and a draw program?
Рекомендована література:
1. Gene Mittler, Ph.D. «Introducing Art» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005
2. Gene Mittler, Ph.D. «Exploring Art» Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2005
Unit 15. Використання кераміки в світі
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть тексти:
EUROPEAN CERAMICS
a) Social Hisiory. Medieval Europe probably found its chief uses for pottery in the kitchen and store-room, but the most numerous survivors are jugs and die fact that many were slip-decorated, or modelled with GROTESQUES, suggests that these at least were meant for the cable. Being fragile, they were expendable. Those that exist today we owe to excavations and chance finds: little suggests that they were valued for anything other than their usefulness. Dissemination of certain distinctive wares proves that admiration for them could be widespread— for example, hard north-German pottery has been found in Sweden—but medieval wares were not handed down the generations as treasures: and our present recognition of their aesthetic qualities is hardly one generation old. Earlier ages thought them quaint, but coarse. Floor tiles inlaid with heraldic and other formal devices, and fire-backs similarly moulded, were more obviously artistic and meant to last.
About the medieval potters themselves we know nest to nothing. Some were probably nomadic, moving around from place to place, as is suggested by the smallness of excavated kiln-sites. The manufacture of inlaid floor tiles seems to have been a monastic speciality, and me finding of sherds of hard, black-glazed earthenware on late-medieval monastic sites in the north of England has led to the association of this ware with the Cistercian order.
It was with the mastering of the new techniques of lead glaze and salt glaze in the 15th c. that pottery became decorative and moved up in the social scale. The big lustred dishes made in the I5th c. at Manises and Valencia in Spain were blazoned like flags with appropriate
CERAMICS
armorials and dispatched as royal presents all over Christendom. Drug jars were made for the monastic and aristocratic pharmacies which came into being as a result of the plagues of the Middle Ages. The potters of Beauvais made dishes moulded with the emblems of Christ's Passion, and these seem to have been intended for Church use. In the 16th c. we find the production of such highly exclusive wares as the mysterious Saint Porchaire earthenware made in Poitou, and the equally rare and even more famous Medici porcelain made in Florence for the Grand Duke—wares much too exalted for commerce. Finally, in the middle of the 16th c. we meet recognizable men such as the French master potter Bernard palissy, who was taken away from the entourage of the High Constable of France by the queen herself to make for her a pottery grotto in the Tuileries.
Such examples show the response in the Renaissance of the highest social classes to the potter's am, and its widespread adoption for daily needs will be the more easily imagined: dishes for the table, inkstands, decorative vases, stoves and so forth. Mention should also be made of the prevalence in Renaissance Italy of the piatti di pompa, display plates painied with historical and other figure compositions or— for use as loves gifts—with the idealized portrait of a lovely girl or youth. These are the ancestors of the large family of wares intended chiefly for commemoration or propaganda. The highly developed skills of painting and potting reflected in objects such as all of these prompted also the creation of the virtuoso 'master pieces', dishes signed by the master painters Nicola Pellipario, Maestro Giorgio Andreoli (both working between 1510 and 1540) and others. Here too should be mentioned the stoneware bottles and jugs made on the Rhine and signed by the Mennickens and other potters in the next generation. Owners sometimes liked to mount them in silver, as they also mounted ostrich eggs, coconut shells, Chinese porcelain and other curiosities.
Porcelain and silver play a great part in the social history of European ceramics. As pottery made its way on to the table and into other forms of polite usage, it did so in competition with other materials—wood, leather, pewter, and glass. Silver was always the most highly esteemed material, and vessels of clay have often been given the shape of metal, and specifically silver, prototypes. But it is sometimes necessary to melt silver for coinage, and this bodes well for the potter. A French edict of 1689. repeated in 1709, ordered the melting of all table vessels of silver and gold. Within a week ail the upper classes of France were refurnishing their tables with faience and so great was the impulse given to the potters that many new works were established and there was a threat of fuel shortage; so the state had to step in and limit the expansion.
A new kind of prestige was given to pottery in the 17th and early 18th centuries by certain
Ex.2. Випишіть п’ятнадцять незнайомих вам слів з текстів.
Ex.3. Складіть шість запитання до тексту.
Ex.4. Доповніть речення:
Those that exist today we owe to excavations and chance finds: little suggests that they were valued for …
About the medieval potters themselves we …
These are the ancestors of the large family of wares intended chiefly for …
Porcelain and silver play a great part in the …
But it is sometimes necessary to melt silver for coinage, and …
Ex.5. Визначте які з поданих нижче речень правдиві, а які ні:
Being fragile, they were not expendable.
Earlier ages thought them quaint, but coarse.
It was not with the mastering of the new techniques of lead glaze and salt glaze in the 15th c. that pottery became decorative and moved up in the social scale.
Drug jars were made for the monastic and aristocratic pharmacies which came into being as a result of the plagues of the Middle Ages.
Here too shouldn’t be mentioned the stoneware bottles and jugs made on the Rhine and signed by the Mennickens and other potters in the next generation.
Питання для самоконтролю:
Що таке кераміка?
Як використовують кераміку в Європі?
Рекомендована література:
1. О. Карпюк «Англійська мова 10 клас».- Тернопіль «Астон» 2010.
2. 1. V. Evans, L. Edvards «Upstream: Student's Book Advanced» Express Publishing,-2002.
Unit 16. Види скульптур