
- •1. Definition of culture and main approaches in its comprehension
- •2. Correlation between the world culture, ethnoculture, and national culture
- •3. Early forms of religious experience: animism, fetishism, totemism.
- •4. Cucuteni-Trypillian culture: main characteristics
- •7. Functions of culture
- •8. Scythian culture
- •9. Sarmathian culture
- •11 The idea of national culture
- •12 Sources of Ukrainian culture
- •13. Parts of Ukrainian culture
- •14. The differences between Ukrainian ethnoculture and professional culture
- •15. Sources of information about culture of Pre-Slavic and Slavic population in Ukrainian lands
- •16. Peculiarities of Slavic mythology
- •18. Cosmology in Slavic mythology
- •20. General characteristics of Kyivan Rus’ culture
- •21. Origins of Kyivan Rus’
- •22. Christian influence on cultural development of Kyivan Rus’
- •23. Literature of Kyivan Rus’
- •24. Slovo o polku Ihorevi (The Tale of Ihor’s Compaign)
- •27. Iconography in Kyivan Rus’
- •28. Prominent activists of Kyivan Rus’ culture (Ilarion, Nestor the Chronicler, St.Antony of the Caves)
- •29. Renaissance humanism in Europe
- •30. Cultural impulses of Reformation and Contrreformation in Europe
- •31. Religious life after the Church Union of Berestia
- •32. Cultural dimensions of Early Modern civil society
- •33. Brotherhoods as a cultural phenomenon
- •34. Education and Brotherhoods’ activity: general characteristics
- •35. Cultural role of Ostrih Academy
- •36. Kyivan Mohyla Academy
- •37. Ivan Fedorov and book printing activity of Brotherhoods.
- •38. Architecture of Cossack Baroque
- •39. Baroque style in Europe
- •41. Polemic literature and I.Vyshensky
- •42. H.Hrabianka and his Chronicle
- •Th.Prokopovich and his role in Ukrainian culture
- •H.Scovoroda in Ukrainian culture
- •45. Cultural meaning of the Enlightenment
- •46. The process of Russification in Ukrainian lands of Russian Empire: main waves
- •47. An Old Ukrainian tradition: Bard (kobzars, bandurysts, and lirnyks)
- •48. Rococo architecture in Ukraine
- •49 The style of Classicism in Europe
- •51. Classicism literature of Ukraine
- •52. I.Kotliarevsky and the new Ukrainian literature
- •53. Cultural activity of Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood
- •54. Hromada movement and the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness Hromadas
- •55. Realism and Romanticism as the main styles in literature and arts of the 19th century: general characteristics
- •56. Poetry of Ukrainian Romanticism
- •57. Romanticism in Ukrainian music (s.Hulak-Artemovsky, m.Lysenko)
- •58. Peredvizhniki and their role in Ukrainian culture
- •59. Ukrainian civil press of the 2nd half of the 19th century
- •61. Main representatives of Ukrainian theater
- •62.Prominent scholars of the 19th century (m.Maksymovych, m.Kostomarov, V.Antonovych, o.Potebnia)
- •63. Ukrainian writers of the 19th century (p.Kulish, Marko Vovchok, m.Kotsiubynsky, s.Rudansky)
- •64. Creative activity of n.Gogol
- •65. Creative activity of t. Shevchenko
- •67. Creative activity of I.Franko
- •68 Cultural activity of m.Drahomanov
- •70. Modernism in Ukrainian culture: general characteristics
- •71. Socialist realism in the ussr: general characteristics
- •72. Socialist realism in the ussr: main representatives
- •73. Les Kurbas and Berezil
- •74. O.Dovzhenko and Ukrainian cinematograph
- •75. Cubism in Ukrainian painting
- •76. Constructivism in Ukrainian arts
- •77. Ukrainian Impressionist Painters
- •78 Creative activity of o.Archipenko
- •79. Symbolism in Ukrainian literature
- •80. Expressionism in Ukrainian plastic arts
- •82. M.Khvylovy and Vaplite
- •83. M.Zerov and Ukrainian Neoclassicists
- •84. Ukrainian poetry of the 20th century (m.Bazhan, p.Tychina, m.Rylsky)
- •85. Cultural meaning of Shistdesiatnyky
- •86 Shistdesiatnyky: main representatives in Ukrainian literature
55. Realism and Romanticism as the main styles in literature and arts of the 19th century: general characteristics
Realism. A term that usually refers to art that is representational and depicts the visible material world as closely as possible. It may also be used to designate the opposite of stylized or abstract art or simply to describe a work of art that portrays not the beautiful and idealized, but the common, unconventional, or ugly. As a 19th-century art movement it is usually associated in painting with the work of French artists, such as Gustave Courbet, even though it found independent expression in other countries, including Ukraine.
Realism became popular in Russian-ruled Ukraine through the efforts of the Peredvizhniki, a group of artists established in 1870 in Saint Petersburg that promoted enlightenment through traveling exhibitions of pictures portraying the conditions of contemporary life, particularly of the peasants, and depicting landscapes. Style was relegated to a minor role, and socially relevant subject matter was of major importance. Several prominent Ukrainian-born artists were members of or exhibited with the Peredvizhniki (eg, Nikolai Ge, Ilia Repin, Kyriak Kostandi, Serhii Vasylkivsky).
Romanticism. An artistic and ideological movement in literature, art, and music and a world view which arose toward the end of the 18th century in Germany, England, and France. In the beginning of the 19th century it spread to Russia, Poland, and Austria, and in the mid-19th century it encompassed other countries of Europe as well as North and South America. Romanticism, which appeared after the French Revolution in an environment of growing absolutism at the turn of the 19th century, was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the stilted forms, schemata, and canons of classicism and, at times, sentimentalism. Paramount features of romanticism were idealism, a belief in the natural goodness of the individual person, and, hence, the cult of feeling as opposed to reason; a predilection for the more ‘primitive’ expressions of human creativity as being closer to the fundamental goodness of the person and, hence, an enthusiasm for folk art, poetry, and songs; a belief in the perfectibility of the individual person and, hence, a predilection for change and the espousal of ‘striving’ as a mode of behavior; and a search for historical consciousness and an intensified learning of history (historicism), coupled at times with an escape from surrounding reality into an idealized past or future or into a world of fantasy. The Romantic world view fostered its own style and gave rise to specific genres of literature: ballads, lyrical songs, romances, and historical novels and dramas.
Certain elements of romanticism, especially those which emphasized the value of the folk, such as Johann Gottfried von Herder's notion of the importance of folklore in the development of literature, encouraged a resurgence of interest in folklore and history. The study of both resulted in a general reawakening of Slavic peoples, including the Ukrainians. The first manifestations of the influence of romanticism in Ukraine were the publications in Saint Petersburg of Oleksii Pavlovsky's Grammatika malorossiiskogo narechiia (The Grammar of the Little Russian Dialect) in 1818 and of Nikolai Tsertelev's Opyt sobraniia starinnykh malorossiiskikh pesnei (An Attempt at Collecting Ancient Little Russian Songs) in 1819—a collection remarkable not only for the songs but, more important, for its emphasis on the rich and unique nature of Ukrainian folk songs.