III. Narrative method

• The omniscient author/ the observer-author/ an outlook/ an observer

• The story is delivered/ told from the point of view of…

• The events are presented through the perception of/ the eyes of

• The dominant point of view

• The dramatic form/ the pictorial form

• The story is presented in the dramatic/ pictorial form

• A reliable/ unreliable narrator

• The narrator enters into the mind of…/ reveals the personality of/ shares the viewpoint of/ gives a biased view of a first-hand testimony

• The immediacy and freshness of the impression

• to stimulate imagination

• to increase the credibility of the plot

• to stimulate the reader to make his own judgements

• to make the reader draw his own conclusion.

IV. Tonal System

• The text is abound in (with) SD

• SD are scarce

• to resort to/ to make use of/ to underscore

• to detail/ to add to

• to have the knack of portrayal

• to arouse the feeling of

• to convey the sense

• to observe/ trace/ follow through

• The tone of the fragment/ the fragment is performed (maintained) in formal/ semi-formal/ informal/ conversational/ casual/ sympathetic/ cheerful/ vigorous/ humorous/ mock-serious/ lyrical/ dramatic/ excited/ agitated/ passionate/ impassionate/ detached/ matter-of-fact/ dry/ impartial/ melancholy/ moralizing/ unemotional/ pathetic/ sarcastic/ ironical/ bitter/ reproachful key (tone)

• to assume… tone

• The tone is maintained by a number of SD

• to render agreeable/ optimistic/ involved/ detached/ impassive/ indifferent/ critical/ contemptuous/ ironical/cynical attitude

• to jeer, to mock, to satirize, to ridicule, to poke fun of

• to create/ achieve a humorous effect/ a deliberate exasperation.

V. The Message, Theme, Idea of the Text

• The message that the passage carries is/ lies in/ gives censure of/ censures smb/smth

• The idea is suggested…

• The idea that underlies the story gives the authentic (lifelike) picture

• The idea is worded in the following passage

• The outcome of the conflict forcibly stresses the message conveyed by the whole text that…

• The leading idea that runs through the text

• The basic theme is…

• The text is geared to bring home to the reader…

• The plot centres round the problem

• The story is build up around

• The idea finds its particularization in

• The extract concerns/ is devoted/ deals with

• The message is expressed…

• The author is concerned with

• The writers attention is focused on

• The present excerpt treats the subject of

• The central idea lies in exposing the conception of

• The contents are rendered vividly

• a story on the theme of ...

• to raise (pose) a problem

• to reveal its relevance

• the writer's standpoint (views) on

• a moving, exciting, impressive story

• to awaken (arouse) interest

• to retain interest

• to hold the interest of the reader

• to excite (evoke) a feeling, an emotion, a state of mind, the sense of being a witness

• to arouse the reader's excitement, concern, curiosity, emotions

• to excite one's mind

• to touch one's heart

• to stir one's imagination

• to evoke (or elicit) response

• to lay the accent (stress) on, to accentuate, to emphasize , to enforce

• a gifted, talented writer

• a means of conveying the message

• an artistic detail, a particularity

• presupposition

• a means of cohesion

• recurrence, repetition, parallelism

• the author's/ objective message

• a traditional/ personal symbol

• to express something implicitly, indirectly

• to imply, to suggest, to hint at

• to be suggestive, to have implication

• to understand the implied meaning

• a true-to-life story, a realistic story

• to create an impression of truth

• to render reality, to represent life

• to reveal different aspects of human nature, human relationships, people's fates, errors, conflicts, heroism, etc.

• to lay bare, to expose, to reveal.

VI. Phonetic Expressive Means ans Stylistic Devices, their types and functions (onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance)

• The tone of the piece of literature is formal/ serious/ excited/ agitated/ dramatic/ humorous/ ironical, etc. It becomes obvious owing to the following phonetic stylistic phenomenon/ -na: …

• To stimulate/ stir imagination (to arouse compassion/ dislike/ disgust/ aversion/ antipathy, etc., to increase the immediacy and freshness of the impression) the author makes use of…

• Thanks to … we may get the feel of the atmosphere/ the feel of…

• The author’s language is designed to appeal to all the senses (sight, touch, smell, taste, hearing). Acoustic images help to create the necessary atmosphere/ mood, to convey the atmosphere of…

• some cases of (alliteration) add to the melodical sounding of this part;

• The tragic/ dramatic/ etc. impression is enhanced by the phonetic device of alliteration, which is especially foregrounded in the utterance.

• To supply the vivid portrayal of the situation/character, the author resorts

to/employs…

• The device gives the single effect of/ serves to emphasize/ to render/ to convey/ to create (achieve) an effect/ to produce an impression/ to intensify the expression of…

• The author makes use/ resorts to/ empoloys…with the idea of…

  • making portrayal more vivid

  • revealing something

  • bringing out/ enforcing/ enhancing the effect

• to underscore

• to have the knack of portraying

• to liken smth to smth

• to add to the expression of

• to make the text rhythmical