Завдання для самостійної роботи ііі. Вправи на формування навичок та вмінь читання

Вправа 1 Прочитайте слова та словосполучення, знайдіть їх у тексті «Sound: the Material of Music» та використайте у створенні власних діалогів і розповідей.

String – струна, sound – звук, properties – якість, simultaneously – одночасно, trumpet – труба, violin – скрипка,

unconsciously – мимоволі, timbre – тембр, quality –тембр, intonation – інтонація, модуляція, in unison – в унісон.

Вправа 2 Перш, ніж прочитати текст, погляньте на заголовок і скажіть, про що йдеться мова в цьому тексті, що вам відомо з цієї теми. Прочитавши текст, скажіть, чи правильно ви здогадалися про його зміст.

SOUND: THE MATERIAL OF MUSIC

In the beginning, we may suppose, there was silence. There was silence because there was no motion, and therefore no vibration could move the air – a phenomenon of fundamental importance in producing sound. The creation of the world, however it came about, must have been accompanied by motion – аnd therefore sound. Perhaps this is why music has such magical importance for primitive peoples, often signifying life and death.

Sound can only be produced by kind of motion. The motion (or vibration) arising from a vibrating body, for example a string, or the skin of a drum, generates waves of compression which travel through the air to our ear.

If the vibration is regular, the resulting sound is musical and represents a note of a definite pitch; if it is irregular, the resulting is noise.

Every sound has three characteristic properties. Let us take an everyday example. When walking along the street we hear several sounds at the same time: cars, motorbikes, airplanes, radios, people walking and talking, simultaneously produce sounds of higher and lower, louder and softer degrees. With our ear we automatically distinguish between the highness of a child's voice and the lowness of a man's, the loudness of a passing plane and the hum of traffic, and we know whether the tune coming from somebody's radio is played on a trumpet or a violin. In doing this, we are unconsciously selecting the three characteristics of a sound: pitch, volume, and quality.

Pitсh. Perception of pitch means the ability to distinguish between the highness and the lowness of a musical sound. That its pitch is high or low depends on the frequency (number of vibrations per second) of the vibrating body. The higher the frequency of a sound, the higher is its pitch, the lower the frequency, the lower its pitch.

Volume. We have seen that the pitch of a note depends entirely on the frequency of its vibration. The volume of a note depends on the amplitude of the vibration. More (or less) intensive vibration produces louder (or softer) sounds.

Quality. Quality (or in French, timbre) defines the difference in tone colour between a note played on different instruments or sung by different voices. Thus the colour of a note enables us to distinguish between various instruments playing the same tune.

Вправа 3 Знайдіть відповіді на запитання в прочитаному тексті.

1. What is of fundamental importance in producing sound?

2. Why has music such magical importance for primitive people?

3. What is the motion?

4. When is the resulting sound ‘musical’?

5. What is the result of the irregular vibration?

6. What are the three characteristics of a sound ?

7. What does the pitch depend on?

8. What does the volume of a note depend on?

9. Why can we distinguish between various instruments playing the same tune?

10. What do you know about the standard pitch?

Вправа 4 Передайте зміст прочитаного тексту товаришам.