- •Foreword
- •Grammar Check-in
- •Verb tenses
- •1.2.Present Progressive Tense
- •1.3. Present Perfect Tense.
- •1.4.Present Perfect Progressive Tense.
- •1.5. Past Simple Tense
- •Ved or irregular verbs.
- •1.6. Past Progressive Tense
- •1.7. Past Perfect Tense
- •1.8. Past Perfect Progressive Tense
- •2. Passive voice
- •3. Modal verbs
- •3.1. Can and be able to
- •3.2. Must, have to, should, ought to, need to, be to.
- •I have to do it. Does he have to do it? We do not have to do it.
- •I need to do it. Do we need to do it? They don't need to do it (needn't do it).
- •3.3. May, might, will, would, shall
- •3.5. Contrastive use of modal verbs.
- •4. Conditionals
- •5. Gerund and infinitive
- •6.1. Singular and Plural with Quantifiers:
- •7. Prepositions
- •8. Phrasal verbs
- •8.1. Phrasal verbs with idiomatic meaning.
- •9. Adjectives and adverbs
- •10. The sentence (reported speech, questions, sentence links, conjunctions, relative clauses).
- •11. Grammar Check-out
- •11.1. Verb Tenses
- •11.2. Passive Voice
- •11.3. Modal Verbs
- •11.4. Conditionals
- •11.5. Gerund and Infinitive
- •11.6. Noun
- •11.7. Prepositions
- •11.8. Phrasal Verbs
- •11.9. Adjectives and Adverbs
- •The Sentence
- •Answer Key
9. Adjectives and adverbs
9.1. Adjectives and adverbs e.g. good (adjective) - well (adverb) , word order e.g. a long narrow path, degrees of comparison e.g. good - better - best, similes e.g. as busy as a bee.
9.1.1a. Study the list of cases with adjectives. Give your own examples.
Boring |
The job of a librarian is boring to me. |
Bored |
I was feeling bored doing nothing. |
Tiring |
Travelling for two nights on the train was tiring. |
Tired |
The nurse had worked the night and was tired. |
9.1.1b. Study the list of cases with adjectives word order. Give your own examples.
"Opinion" adjectives + "fact adjectives. |
Big dark eyes…, a large round table…, a delicious tomato soup…, a hot summer day… |
Size + age + colour + character + origin + material |
A small old yellow leather bag…, a long monotonous Asian song…, a big new spacious wooden house… |
Size and length + shape and width |
A long wide road…,a tall thin youth…, a big square chin… |
First/last + numeral, next + several |
I do not remember the last ten minutes. David will be busy for the next few days. |
9.1.1c. Study the list of cases with adjectives and adverbs after verbs. Give your own examples.
Be, get, become, seem + adjective |
Dennis got tired. Your plan seems good. |
Look, feel, sound, taste, smell + adjective |
Your idea sounds good. These delicacies smell strange. |
How somebody does something |
He always drives very carefully. Diana plays the guitar very well. |
Note: Sam feels quite good/well ("well" in this structure is an adjective)
9.1.1d. Study the list of cases forming adverbs and adjectives. Give your own examples.
Quick - quickly, quiet - quietly, bad - badly, heavy - heavily |
Be quick! Mark is doing the job very quickly. Quiet please! The kids were sitting quietly. Such a heavy bag! It was raining heavily. |
Adjectives!: friendly, lively, elderly, lonely, silly, lovely |
Charles always speaks in his friendly manner. An elderly woman preferred living alone. What a lovely dress you have bought! |
Good - well, Hard - hardly Late - lately |
Jason's manners are good. He behaves well. Sofia works hard. She hardly has a spare minute. The train came late. Have you travelled lately? |
Note: Why do you look so sad? Why do you look so sadly at me?
9.1.1e. Study the list of cases with intensifiers (so, such, enough, too, quite, rather). Give your own examples.
So + adjective / adverb |
The sun is so bright! John speaks so quickly. The news was so striking that I did not believe it. We have not met for so long. Paul has so much money that does not have to work. |
Such (+ adj.) + noun |
Our neighbours are such nice people. Maudlin was such a good teacher. It was such () lovely weather at () sea. (No article!) The room was in such a mess. There is no such word in English. The whole family have not met for such a long time. Why have you spent such a lot of money? |
Adj. + enough Enough + noun |
Kevin is not old enough to retire. Liz does not have enough skill to do the job. |
Too + adj./adv. |
The house is too far to walk. Let's take a taxi. The column of marchers was moving too slowly. |
Quite (= not little) |
This opera singer is quite famous. It was quite a long way from where we were. 90 quid was quite a price. Everybody quite liked the game. The book was quite different from what I have read. The food in Paris was quite good. We quite agree with you (completely agree). The actors are not quite ready to start the show. The surgeon has not quite finished the operation. Are you done? - Not quite. I don't quite understand what you really have in mind. |
Rather (negative) |
It's rather hot outside (unpleasantly so). The test is rather difficult I am afraid. 12 miles is rather a long way to walk. Some students are quite capable but rather lazy. |
A rather/rather a |
His was a rather expensive apartment. His was rather a talented sportsmen. |
Rather (surprisingly) |
This orange juice is rather nice for this price. The trip was rather enjoyable (more than expected) |
9.1.1f. Study the list of cases with comparisons and superlatives. Give your own examples.
-ER (for short one-syllable words and two-syllable words ending with Y) |
Take this road. It's much faster. Rent this apartment., It's much cheaper. Stay indoors. It's much colder today. The train has arrived a minute earlier. Exercises at the beginning of the book are easier. |
-ER or MORE (quiet, clever, narrow, shallow, simple) |
Can we find a quieter street? I'd prefer a more quiet place. Children today are cleverer than in the past. Modern generation of kids are more clever. |
MORE (with two-syllable and longer words) |
The design of this apartment is more modern. The crimes are getting more serious. This armchair is more comfortable. You ought to visit your mother more often. This time the team worked more carefully. |
Irregular comparative forms |
This is a better offer. Better late than never. Hillary's fever is getting worse. Tanya did worse than expected at the exam This beach is further (farther) than I thought. You can then go further (father) afield. To pass a verdict we need further facts (on top). I have an elder brother, a year older than me. |
Comparatives with intensifiers |
Second-hand cars are a lot less expensive. Could you spell the name a bit more slowly? The problem appeared to be far more serious. My income is no bigger than yours. Is Johnny any better this morning? Always travel light. The less luggage the better. The sooner you begin the sooner you finish. |
Superlatives |
Which is the hottest place on Earth? This city area is the most expensive. Pamela is the nicest girl I have ever met. Who is the oldest (the eldest) in your family? December was the coldest month OF the year. Mark is the most talented student IN the class. It was the most unusual food I have ever tasted. Thanks. It's most kind of you (= very). |
9.1.1g. Study the list of cases with comparisons and similes. Give your own examples.
"Than" and "as - as" |
Omar is taller than Johnny but not as tall as Greg. Daniel isn't as old as he looks. It's not as cold today (it was freezing yesterday). Please answer ASAP (as soon as possible). Prices are three times as high as a decade before. Our children are the same age as yours. He is definitely not as bright as HER. Nobody can run as fast as HIM. Please take as much as you can carry with you. I can do the job as well (= too). As usual we spend a week on Bahamas. Cunning as he is, he will never take me in. Be so good as to come (= please come). |
Similes |
As safe as houses (= very reliable) As sharp as a needle. As old as hills. As hungry as a hunter. As thin as a rake. |
Make up structures with the given words (1 - 18) by choosing from A - B).
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A/ tired B/ tiring |
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A/ a delicious and warm B/ a warm and delicious |
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A/ a small + golden B/ a golden + small |
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A/ in the few next B/ in the next few |
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A/ a tired B/ a tiring |
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A/ perfect B/ perfectly |
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A/ bad B/ badly |
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A/ in a friendly way B/ friendly |
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A/ hard B/ hardly |
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A/ lately B/ late |
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A/ are so bright B/ are such bright |
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A/ such gorgeous B/ such a gorgeous |
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A/ is interesting enough B/ enough interesting |
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A/ enough money B/ money enough |
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A/ was rather pleasant B/ was quite pleasant |
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A/ more early B/ earlier |
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A/ a further step B/ a farther step |
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A/ day of this summer B/ day in this summer |
Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
The lecturer was very … himself with what he was going to say.
The wedding was to take place in the … weeks.
She looked amazing in her … gloves.
Margaret was proud of her … hair.
I will always remember that … road.
Beatrice sang very … that night.
The new boy in the classroom behaves … .
People in the ambush were sitting very … .
Rosy worked … for her exam and won the scholarship.
New refugees arrived … in this region and have caused problems.
I have got … students this year.
Melanie is getting … .
Unfortunately our prima is … well today.
I can only afford prices that are … high.
Those cheap hotels at the seaside are … comfortable.
In the second act the audience were … .
Have you done … better at your last exam?
1. A/ bored B/ boring C/ boringly D/ bore
2. A/ few next B/ next few C/ next D/ few
3. A/ leather black B/black and leather C/black leather D/leather and black
4. A/ curly fair B/ fair curly C/ fair with curly D/ curly and fair
5. A/ long bumpy B/ bumpy long C/ bumpy and long D/long with bumpy
6. A/ well B/ good C/ good/well D/ best
7. A/ strange B/ more strange C/ most strange D/ strangely
8. A/ quiet B/ quietly C/ quiet/quietly D/quite
9. A/ hardly B/ hard C/ hard/hardly D/ hardest
10. A/ latest B/ late C/late/lately D/ lately
11. A/ such nice B/ such a nice C/ so a nice D/ so nice a
12. A/ famous quite B/ quite a famous C/ quite famous D/ famous a quite
13. A/ not a quite B/ not quite C/ not quite a D/ a not quite
14. A/ rather B/ fairly C/ quite D/ reasonably
15. A/ rather very B/ very rather C/ rather D/ fairly rather
16. A/ quieter B/ more quiet C/ quieter/more quiet D/most
17. A/ more better B/ most better C/ some better D/ any better
Fill the gaps in the text below with adjectives and adverbs using the words from column on the right. The given word forms need to be changed.
The period of adolescence is an (…1…) one. It is filled with (…2…) discoveries, complete turmoil, intensive growth, full independence and (…3…) commitments. It is difficult, however, to say exactly when adolescence begins or ends. (…4…) it is the onset of puberty. Psychologically it is the development of cognition, feelings and behaviours in the (…5…) stage - not yet an adult and no longer a child. Some teenagers become rebellious and (…6…) in this period but most manage to survive quite easily. Perhaps, a "difficult teenager" is more a (…7…) stereotype than a reality. Biologically adolescence is marked by a "growth spurt", i.e. increase in height and weight. This can cause acute problems as young people find it hard to co-ordinate their (…8…) hands and feet. Many look awkward and clumsy, feeling (…9…) and keeping aloof. Some boys and girls reach (…10…) before or after most of their peers. These are referred to as "early bloomers" or "late bloomers". An early (…11…) girl will probably be taller, stronger, faster, and (…12…) than other girls. She is likely to start dating earlier and to marry at a (…13…) age than her peers. An early-maturing boy will have a more successful (…14…) experience. This will raise his (…15…) status with his peers. Being a late bloomer can be negative. E.g. many late-maturing boys carry a sense of (…16…) self-esteem into their adulthood. Girls cope with late maturity better than boys by simply saying that they do not want to be "boy-crazy". Adolescents are great experimenters. They experiment with (…17…) hair styles, shrill music, non-traditional religion, (…18…) drugs, new relationships, fad diets, part-time jobs, (…19…) philosophies of life and wild pictures of their future. Many do things their way, off on a (…20…) search for the Truth of Life and their own Identity. |
Excitement Expectation Life
Physiology
Between
Friend
Society
Large
Shyness Mature
Bloom Athletics Youth
Date Man
Poverty
Provocation
Availability Mystery
Grandeur |
9.1.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write in the space provided a free version of what you have read. Focus on using adjectives and adverbs.
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Young-looking girls dancing the Charleston. Fierce-looking gangsters carrying big old machine guns in blockbusting films. World-famous short witty Charlie Chaplin playing comical tricks in his fascinating comedies. These are some of the pictures that come into people's minds when they think back of the "roaring twenties" in the United States. Those were good old times that came rather unexpectedly. Those were wild times that seemed good for everyone. The country was extremely rich in those years. After the First World War, other countries owed huge sums of money. The total income of the United States became much higher than that of Britain, France, Germany and Japan put together. The busiest business was making automobiles where thousands worked hard at the assembly lines. The electrical industry also prospered in every way. It made refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, stoves and radios by a hundred thousand. The USA became the first nation in history to sell vast quantities of goods that gave ordinary people easier and more enjoyable lives. Americans became the first "consumer society". The growth of industry made many citizens well-off. Millions earned handsome income. Thousands invested hard-earned savings in successful firms. Many bought expensive goods with their money. This was often done through the "instalment plan" which was "consumer friendly". Their motto was "Live now, pay tomorrow". Many were convinced that tomorrow would be even better than today and there would be even more money in the swelling wallets. Businessmen became popular heroes and such men like Henry Ford were widely admired. Imported goods from abroad were made more expensive through higher taxes and local manufacturers got even better off. As a result, American businessmen had less competition from their foreign rivals. To Americans who owned shares or "stock" the future looked brighter and brighter. Sales of consumer goods went on rising. This meant even higher profits for the companies. The economic rise has been going on for such a long time that seemed to last forever. Everybody hoped that poverty would hardly come back again and would be remembered as a thing in the past. However, by 1929 the first signs of economic crisis gradually made their way into the society with the profits strikingly falling down and share prices going down too because so many people began to sell their shares. The situation was far more serious than it seemed at first and things went farther than expected. Soon American economy was in such a mess that panic began. Many people lost such a lot of money that found themselves facing debt and ruin. Everything seemed so desperate that some unfortunate businessmen committed suicide. They did not have strength enough to stand this ruin of everything. This was the end of the "roaring twenties" with further hardships to take over.
Visualise in your mind's eye a picture of a sea coast at sun set and write a description in the space provided. Focus on the use of adjectives and adverbs.
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