10. The sentence (reported speech, questions, sentence links, conjunctions, relative clauses).

Says

Julia says "Spring is the best time of the year".

Julia says (that) spring is the best time of the year

Said + Present or Past Simple.

Vicky said "I can help if necessary".

Vicky said (that) she CAN help if necessary.

Vicky said (that) she could help in necessary.

Vicky said she could help (but in fact she did not).

Said + Past Perfect

Amanda said "I have heard nothing"

Amanda said (that) she had heard nothing.

Tom said "We had a little quarrel".

Tom said that they had HAD a little quarrel.

Tom said (that) they HAD a little quarrel.

Tell somebody,

say to somebody

Dennis said "I sent the parcel a week ago"

Dennis told me that he (had) sent the parcel a week before.

Dennis said to me that he (had) sent the parcel a week before.

Giving orders

The doctor said "Stay in bed".

The doctor said to stay in bed.

The doctor told me to stay in bed.

The doctor advised me to stay in bed.

Reporting commands

Ask, teach, advise, beg, command, instruct, forbid, invite, persuade, urge, offer, want, order somebody to do something, warn somebody against doing something, insist on doing something.

Reporting knowledge

Inform, remind, answer somebody that; reply, mention, explain to somebody, write to somebody that;.

Reporting reaction

Agree, think, be sure, enquire, wonder, express one's interest about/whether.

Reporting manner

Boast, brag, cry, exclaim, grumble, moan, mumble, mutter, stutter, whisper, whine, yell.

Reporting thoughts

Assume, believe, consider, contemplate, imagine, infer, know, reflect, ponder, presuppose, suppose, think, wonder.

Changes in time words (reported speech)

Here - there, ago - before, before - earlier, last year - the year before, tomorrow - next day, the day after, now - then, this - that, these - those, this evening - that evening, today - that day, tonight - that night, yesterday - the day before. E.g. Joe said, "It happened ten years ago" - Joe said that it happened ten years before.

Yes-No

Do you live in Brazil?

Is Robyn going to the concert tonight?

Has everybody come yet?

Had the guests gone before you arrived?

Will the plane arrive on time?

Wh- questions

Why are you doing this to me?

What is the reason of telling lies?

How does he manage his time?

Who is responsible for order in the city?

Who did you telephone to a minute ago?

Who (whom) do you want to see in the office?

Where is the money coming from?

When is the train due to arrive?

Questions to subject

Who telephoned you last night?

What happened early in the morning?

Which plant grows fastest?

Indirect questions

I am wondering why you made all this mess.

The police want to know what you did.

I am asking where your mother is.

Can you tell me how I get to the best hotel?

Do you know if/whether anybody saw you?

Why, do you think, the people are not working?

Negative questions

Haven't we met before?

Isn't is gorgeous weather?

Don't you want to come and see us?

Why doesn't Clare want to go to University?

Why wasn't Daniel present at the meeting?

Question tags

You have locked the door, haven't you?

You did not take money, did you?

The aunt is not angry with me, is she?

The flight has been delayed, hasn't it?

You won't be leaving us today, will you?

This train never comes on time, does it?

I am late, aren't I?

Let's go for a walk, shall we?

Do/don't do the task again, will you?

Nobody will come, will they?

Alternative questions

Would you like tea or coffee?

Do you want your dress in navy or baby blue?

Should I stay or go?

"Neither - nor" ("not - nor" and "either or" answers

I take neither milk nor sugar in my tea.

We do not read much nor watch TV.

They go to school either by car or by bus.

Sentence + yes/no

Have you done the job? - Yes, I have.

Will she lend you the money? - No, she wont.

Sentence + echo

I have just seen your Dad. - Have you?

The food was marvellous? - Was it?

My grandson is getting married. - Is he?

Sentence + so

Are all your students good? - I expect so.

Is Angela coming tonight? - I suppose so.

Is the film safe for children? - I hope so.

Are they Americans? - I don't think so.

Is it flue? - I am afraid so.

Are we being late? - I hope not.

Sentence + uptake

I am feeling nervous. - So am I.

I never watch telly. - Neither/nor does my sister.

Jack passed the exam. - So did Jill.

I can't make it tonight. - Neither/nor can I.

Unfortunately I was late. - So you were.

You do … + yes/no

You like pizza, don't you? - Yes, I do (No, I don't)

You don't/aren't … + yes/no

Dennis doesn't like bananas, does he? - No, he does not (He never eats them). Yes, he does/But he does (But he likes bananas!)

We aren't late, are we? - No, we aren't. (There is still plenty of time). Yes we are/But we are. (We are late indeed. Hurry up!).

Although

Although it was dark…

In spite of

In spite of the storm …

Despite

Despite the storm being so …

In case

In case the train is late we must …

In case of

In case of emergency, please …

If

If the train is late, we will then …

Unless

Keep silent, unless I give a sign …

Not unless

Do not go there, not unless he tells you so

As long as

Do it as long as you are careful

Providing that

Provided that

Providing that you make $100…

Provided that he is your friend …

Due to - owing to - because of

The high drop-out is due to poor conditions.

Owing to his wit, the scandal was avoided.

The crisis was resolved owing to much effort.

The bus arrived late because of the traffic jam.

As

As it was a day off… (because)

As she opened her apartment … (when)

As I left, my wife arrived and … (when)

As the days went by … (while)

I did as I was told. (exactly)

As you know, usually we never … (a set phrase)

As a boss he would always … (in this role)

He worked as a clerk in a small … (in the post)

Like

The house is like an expensive villa with …

Games like cards are addictive and …

Like his boss, Steve would always come on time.

"As" vs. "like"

Do it like me and as you are told

Regard somebody as

We regard him as a very nice …

As - as

… as cold as ice

Not so/as as

Jeremy is not so/as rich as his brother.

So as

He dressed up so as to attract more attention.

Clauses with "who"

The lady who is sitting next is a celebrity.

The man who gave you a lift is a doctor.

Anyone who wants to apply, please do so now.

The clerk who I wanted to see was busy.

Clauses with "whose"

He is the director whose films are well known.

This is the boy whose sister I went to school with.

Clauses with "whom"

She is the woman with whom I fell in love in my childhood.

Ronald is the editor to whom I always send my articles.

Clauses with "whom/who"

He is the person whom/who you must have met before.

Clauses with "that"

The person that you see there is my best friend.

I like companies that are full of fun.

Let's have some cake that we bought today.

The cars that cost a lot always look posh.

Everything that you told me is a lie.

Have you found the document that you lost?

Do you remember the moment that I first saw you?

This is not the reason that/why you failed the job interview.

Clauses with "that/to"

Who is the man that/who Jessie is talking to?

Clauses with "who/that"

The girl who/that he took to did not take any notice of him.

Do you know anyone who/that speaks Gaelic?

Clauses with "which"

Could you give me the book, which I reserved?

Stella did not make it to the wedding, which was a pity.

I passed the test, which surprised my teacher.

The sea was very warm, which nobody expected.

Clauses with "that/which"

The hotel that/which we were staying in was cheap.

Clauses with "what"

What happened in the past is still in my memory.

Did you hear what I told you to do?

Clauses with "where"

Is there a place where one can be fully happy?

Clauses with "none of" etc.

I tried five pairs of jeans none of which fitted me.

Several young men, neither of whom I had seen before, surrounded me.

The house has fifteen rooms, twelve of which are never used.

She knows people, many of whom belong to the society elite.

No conjunction is possible

The book () I wanted to buy had been sold.

Do you remember the telephone () I need?

The blouse () you bought fits you perfectly.

Is there anything () you need?

Everything () the prophets had said came true.

The reason () I am doing this is very personal.

1. Den said he can take the job over.

2. Witnesses insisted that they had seen nothing.

3. The officer confirmed that the parcel was sent a fortnight before.

4. The doctor warned the patient against smoking habits.

5. Pauline boasted that she had never failed her exams.

6. Who do you want to meet in this desolate place?

7. Who do you want to telephone to?

8. What happened in the office last night?

9. Won't you come in and sit down?

10. I am wondering what we can do in this situation.

11. Isn't the weather nice today?

12. Nobody is here, are they?

13. We are playing football tonight. - Are you?

14. I never eat much before sleep. - Neither do I.

15. Bill never comes on time. - No he doesn't.

16. Please show me the room, which you recommended.

17. Do you remember the person we met?

Scientists have defined human intelligence in many ways but (…1…) definition has been able to explain the concept. Not (…2…) alone seems to say it all about human ability to solve problems. One common definition is theoretical, (…3…) the other (…4…) is practical or operational. Theoretically, intelligence is resourcefulness (…5…) an individual to understand the world around them and to (…6…) with its challenges. Operationally, we define intelligence (…7…) what we see when an intelligent person achieves spectacular results. (…8…), intelligence is defined as (…9…) which intelligence tests measure, e.g. IQ (intelligence quotient). Intelligence is not the (…10…) as giftedness. In the USA giftedness is described as demonstration of excellence in any (…11…) of six areas. E.g. physical activities, performing art, leadership, productive thinking, subject aptitude (math, languages etc), test performance. Many psychologists want to know how we can describe intellectually (…12…) individuals. The results of research fly (…13…) the face of common stereotypes about a bright child (…14…) skinny, anxious, of poor health and wearing glasses. The data (…15…) not support stereotypes. In general, the truly gifted children experience advantage in (…16…) everything and are successful in most things they do. They receive a better education and find higher-paying jobs. Many grow up (…17…) rich. Many (…18…), but not all. An unanswered question is (…19…) the differences in intelligence are (…20…) to nature or education. Scientists admit that it is difficult to answer this question. (…21…), it is difficult to give a straightforward answer. There is some evidence that intelligence runs in families and (…22…) genetically conditioned. On the other hand, environment affects intellectual functions (…23…). Yet, we do not know what will happen if genetically identical individuals (…24…) brought up in different environments. (…25…) how important such research might be, it would be unethical to give individuals different conditions for development. (…26…) can we deprive children of a rich educational environment for several years, (…27…) this could be beneficial to science.

In the USA young doctors are instructed that they have no right to make a mistake. A famous medical doctor once revealed that years before he worked his fingers to the bones to learn to make an injection. Students are told to study for many years to become a doctor in the United States. They are warned against light-mindedness. Pre-service doctors are advised to work very hard so as to study well and at first some even grumble that they do not have any free time. One or two start wondering why they made this decision and even regret having chosen the profession. Students explain that they study biology, chemistry and other sciences, many of which will be needed for future career. Some admit working for a year or two in a medical or research job before they try to seek a place in a medical college. A University guide writes that there are one-hundred-twenty-five medical colleges in the United States. It is reported that more than sixty-six-thousand students are attending medical colleges. Many boast that it was very difficult to gain entrance to them. Everybody agrees that those who do the best in their studies have a greater chance of entering medical school. Each student also must pass a national examination to enter medical school. Those who get the top scores have the best chance of being accepted. Most people who want to study medicine seek to enter as many as ten medical schools. This increases their chances of being accepted by one. It costs as much as thirty-thousand dollars for each year. The first two years of medical school are spent mainly in class. The students learn about the body and all its systems. They learn about chemistry and they begin studying diseases, how to recognize and treat them. Many students say the first year of medical school is the most difficult. They must remember a great deal of information. For example, many schools require that students remember the names of every bone in the body. By the third year of medical school, students are ready to use their knowledge to start helping sick people when they are at hosptal. These students work under the guidance of experienced doctors. Students observe the treatment of patients. They also examine patients and advise treatment. As the students watch and learn, they think about the kind of medicine they would like to practice when they become doctors. During the fourth year of medical school, students begin seeking to enter a medical training program in a hospital. This training program is called a medical residency. Medical school graduates are said to face a strong competition to gain a resident position. Some doctors work for many years as residents in hospitals, depending on which medical field they have chosen. They never get bored with what they are doing. Surgeons, as a rule, spend many years trying to work like their more experienced colleagues to gain the needed experience, performing operations. Some doctors work in hospitals as residents for as many as ten years before they begin working on their own. What they feel when they first go on their own is for life in their memory. Everybody knows that experienced doctors are not allowed to make mistakes. Neither are the beginners.

1. The doctor told Rosy to keep her bed.

2. The team offered to play another game the next day.

3. The prisoner begged the captors to spare his life.

4. The officer commanded the cavalry to charge the enemy.

5. The teacher explained to her students the need to work hard.

6. The announcement reminded the passengers to change the train.

7. The inspector mentioned the law about paying taxes.

8. Everybody agreed to start the barbecue party at twelve.

9. I enquired about the rail tickets available for Stockport.

10. All speakers expressed their indignation on hearing the news.

11. Bonny asked whether the flowers had been bought.

12. Everybody was wondering whether the Queen would really visit them.

13. The stranger stuttered that he had never been to this place before.

14. From the story Jill inferred that her husband was not coming soon.

15. It was expected that the ship would arrive that night.