3.5. Contrastive use of modal verbs.

E.g. I can do it. He should do it. She needs to do it. We are able to do it. They have to do it. You are to do it. He needs to do it. Etc.

3.5.1. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of phrasal modals. Give your own examples.

General ability	He can bear the hardships without complaint.
Improbability	My son can't have committed this crime.
Ban	You can't pay with dollars in this country.
Achievement	He is able to beat another world record.
Strong order	You must give the money back.
Strong ban	Children mustn't play with fire at home.
Caused necessity	We often have to work long hours.
Prior arrangement	The tourists are to come here in a group.
Personal necessity	Need you have all the troubles on your chest?
Possibility	There may/might be a snow storm.
Instruction	The grandmother should take a pill a day.
Proper advice	You ought to rethink your eating habits.
Willingness	I will lend you the money you need.
Promise	I shall take all the necessary measures.

3.5.2. Match grammar structures with their meaning (be critical with your choice)

1. I shall pass the exams with distinctions.	General ability Promise Achievement
2. He lacks experience and can't take all the responsibility.	General ability Ban Improbability
3. Jacky can't be in Paris now.	Improbability General ability Ban
4. Passengers can't enter through the back door.	Ban General ability Improbability
5. The train is to make only one stop on the way.	Caused necessity Instruction Prior arrangement
6. You needn't have squandered your money.	Caused necessity Personal necessity Instruction
7. You ought to be on your guard.	Advice Instruction Obligation
8. School children do not have to wear uniform.	Caused necessity Strong ban Obligation
9. Under no circumstances must you open this chest.	Strong ban Obligation Instruction
10. Teachers have to make visits to their pupils' home.	Obligation Personal necessity Caused necessity

3.5.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.

1. Mozart at the age of five … play the piano as an experienced adult.

2. By the age of five many children … reading more and more words.

3. The diplomat … in the Hague. We met in Geneva.

4. You … take the underground to the airport. It's the fastest.

5. The granny … done the washing up. We are using the dishwasher.

6. You … always help those in need.

7. This guy … end up in prison.

8. The child … been treated in such a way.

9. Mankind … win a victory over AIDS!

10. You … use the radioactive chemicals from this laboratory.

1. A/ could B/ was able to C/ is said D/ must have

2. A/ will begin B/ must C/ should begin D/ are to begin

3. A/ can't be B/ couldn't be C/ can't have been D/ shouldn't be

4. A/ can B/ must C/ ought to D/ should

5. A/shouldn't have B/needn't have C/mustn't have D/ oughtn't to have

6. A/ ought to B/ must C/ need to D/ have to

7. A/ can B/ might C/ may D/ should

8. A/ shouldn't have B/ needn't have C/oughtn't to have D/must have

9. A/ will B/ shall C/ should D/ could

10. A/ shouldn't B/ needn't C/ oughtn't to D/ mustn't

3.5.4. Fill the gaps in the text below with the missing language.

Experts throughout the world demand that human cloning …1… be banned. Many add that scientists attempting to clone humans …2… be outlawed across the world. These doubtful experiments are causing great public anxiety and …3… be stopped at once, many leading figures say. The agreement reached so far is that experiments on animals …4… continue while any attempts to produce human clones …5… be regarded as illegal. The politicians intend to have the media stop reporting human cloning successes. It is also important that every country …6… effective legislation to deter human cloning. One of the reasons is that cloning techniques …7… still be unsafe and scientists …8… carry out such experiments on people. Some of these specialists …9… be motivated by publicity but they …10… show more responsibility as well. Still, many countries have not banned the practice because many people …11… those experiments hoping to get a baby, to find a perfect transplant organ, or to achieve ambitions of immortality. In any case, people …12… to be reassured that new scientific knowledge is not misused with a dangerous effect. Major objections are that cloning …13… be dangerous for women, there is no evidence that human cloning …14… be successful, cloning …15… result in giving birth to invalids. In response to public demand, some parliaments …16… to ban human cloning in their countries.

3.5.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write a free version of what you have read. Focus on modal verbs.

Everyone should know that 300 million people world-wide are obese, and 750 million are overweight. World public has demanded the World Health Organization reconsider plans to tackle global obesity rates. Further discussion will be needed before a final plan is approved. Some experts question the proposal that food industry should introduce cuts in salt, fat and sugar intake across the world. Many argue that promoting healthier lifestyles must be given a priority, not dieting. To all intents and purposes, obesity may be a risk factor for heart disease and other life-threatening conditions. That is why, WHO is saying that the food industry ought to make deeper cuts in sugar and fat contained in food. Another policy is that advertising healthier lifestyle is to begin soon. On thing is clear. Consumers must be cautioned against the so called "comfort food". The plan is to take consumers out of their "comfort zone". Everybody must understand that "having one's fill" on a regular basis may have dangerous consequences. Importantly, adults ought to set a good example of healthy diets and life style to children. The problem is that food industry is fearing profit losses and insists that recommendations on sugar and salt should be based on hard science. They claim that individuals need the right of choice and ought to eat a balanced diet, living a healthier lifestyle. Well, this might be true, given that people get access to reliable information on which food and lifestyle can make them healthier.

3.5.6. Recall, imagine and describe general abilities of home pets, their possible behaviours and dangers, as well as give recommendations for making the pets feel better. Focus on the use of modals.