- •Foreword
- •Grammar Check-in
- •Verb tenses
- •1.2.Present Progressive Tense
- •1.3. Present Perfect Tense.
- •1.4.Present Perfect Progressive Tense.
- •1.5. Past Simple Tense
- •Ved or irregular verbs.
- •1.6. Past Progressive Tense
- •1.7. Past Perfect Tense
- •1.8. Past Perfect Progressive Tense
- •2. Passive voice
- •3. Modal verbs
- •3.1. Can and be able to
- •3.2. Must, have to, should, ought to, need to, be to.
- •I have to do it. Does he have to do it? We do not have to do it.
- •I need to do it. Do we need to do it? They don't need to do it (needn't do it).
- •3.3. May, might, will, would, shall
- •3.5. Contrastive use of modal verbs.
- •4. Conditionals
- •5. Gerund and infinitive
- •6.1. Singular and Plural with Quantifiers:
- •7. Prepositions
- •8. Phrasal verbs
- •8.1. Phrasal verbs with idiomatic meaning.
- •9. Adjectives and adverbs
- •10. The sentence (reported speech, questions, sentence links, conjunctions, relative clauses).
- •11. Grammar Check-out
- •11.1. Verb Tenses
- •11.2. Passive Voice
- •11.3. Modal Verbs
- •11.4. Conditionals
- •11.5. Gerund and Infinitive
- •11.6. Noun
- •11.7. Prepositions
- •11.8. Phrasal Verbs
- •11.9. Adjectives and Adverbs
- •The Sentence
- •Answer Key
3.3. May, might, will, would, shall
E.g. I may do it. We might do it. May he do it? Might they do it? You may not do it. She might not (mightn't) do it. I will/shall do it. Will he do it? She won't do it. They would do it. He wouldn't do it. You shall do it. Shall I do it? We shan't do it.
3.3.1a. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of the modal verb "must". Give your own examples.
1. Formal permission |
You may use the main library on week days. |
2. Guess |
The document may be in one of those files. |
3. Polite request |
May I ask for a favour? |
4. Wild guess |
The money might be taken by a ghost then. |
5. Complaint |
Your daughter might have been more polite. |
6. Prohibition. |
Students may not borrow books without ID. |
7. Possible future |
The inspector may want to see the documents. |
3.3.1b. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of the modal verb "will". Give your own examples.
1. Willingness |
I will lend you the money. |
2. Complete certainty |
You will understand what I mean. |
3. Typical fact |
That’ll be Cathleen again. |
4. Order |
You will be silent when I speak. |
5. Typical behaviour |
He’ll leave his shoes anywhere. |
6. Polite request |
Will you please keep order? |
7. Offer |
I’ll make you a sandwich. |
8. Invitation |
Will you join us for a cup of coffee? |
9. Past seen from present |
They will have landed by now. |
10. Very polite request |
Won’t you come in and sit down? |
11. Lack of co-operation |
The boss won’t see my point. |
3.3.1c. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of the modal verb "would". Give your own examples.
1. Repeated willingness |
He would always give me a lift. |
2. Asking for request |
Would you help me out of this bus? |
3. Asking for advice |
Would you accept the offer if you were me? |
4. Making offers |
Would you like to have dinner together? |
5. Invitation |
Would you like to come round? |
6. Habitual activity |
He would always be thinking his thoughts. |
7. Hypothetical situation |
It would be good to become a millionaire. |
8. Resistance |
The key would not fit the lock. |
3.3.1d. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of the modal verb "shall". Give your own examples.
1. Solemn promise |
You shall have your money back tomorrow. |
2. Asking for advice |
Shall I do it now or a bit later? |
3. Putting forth an offer |
Shall I help you with your work? |
4. Declaration |
You shall win a victory. |
5. Suggestion |
Shall we sing together? (Let's sing together) |
3.3.1e. Study the list of meanings expressed as "certainty" and "impossibility" with the help of "must", "can", "could", "may" and "might".
1. Assurance |
This lecturer must be very competent. |
2. Assurance of the past |
The robber must have been very careful. This suspect had to be the person I saw. |
3. Certainty |
You will succeed. |
4. Declaration of certainty |
You shall succeed |
5. Imminence |
The aeroplane can land any minute now. |
6. Lack of obstacles |
The enemy can attack from any direction. |
7. Belief |
This could be that advertising agent again. |
8. Exaggeration |
Such a brat! I feel I could kill him! |
9. Chance |
You may still find your love again. |
10. Admission |
This might be true. |
11. Impossibility |
Ruth can't have been to France in January. |
Note 1: "may/might not" means "possibly not true"; "can't/couldn't" means "impossibly true".
Note2: to turn a sentence "This may be possible" into a question we use "Can this be possible?"
Note3: "can't be" and "couldn't be" both refer to the present period expressing impossibility (не может быть, чтобы), while "can't have been" and "couldn't have been" both refer to the past period expressing impossibility (не может быть, чтобы).
3.3.2. Match grammar structures with their meaning
1. The guard may have been asleep. |
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2. I feel so tired that I could eat a horse and then sleep for a week. |
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3. You might have left your umbrella in the bank. |
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4. The student may not have been feeling well. |
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5. Passengers may not use toilets while the train is at the station. |
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6. Janet might have told the truth to me. |
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7. We may be going to New Zealand next summer. |
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8. I understand that you husband may not come to the party tonight. |
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9. The earthquake can strike any moment. |
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10. The President may still call an election this spring. |
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11. I will give you another chance |
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12. Will you come round for a game of chess? |
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13. The mother would always put herbs in the stew. |
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14. The door would not open. |
C. Willingness |
15. Shall I find a job during my summer vacation? We will be better off then. |
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3.3.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
You and your guests … made less noise last night.
The rule is that you … not stay in the laboratory after 10.
The company … give you the best insurance policy. Rely on us.
The campers … have sat down to the meal now. I am missing them.
The parents … recognise the signs of depression in their child.
The Dad … always be sitting up late. Do not be surprised.
The kids … always be making fun of their poor old teacher.
Your son … prove that he is innocent. Remember my words.
… I have you attention, please?
… you say that I am absolutely wrong here?
The landslide … occur any time during this winter.
Well, there … be a grain of truth in what you are saying.
1. A/ might have B/ could have C/ should have D/ need to have
2. A/ could B/ may C/ would D/ need
3. A/ shall B/ will C/ must D/ should
4. A/ will B/ must C/ should D/ would
5. A/ mustn't B/ wouldn't C/ won't D/ shouldn't
6. A/ will B/ should C/ could D/ would
7. A/ will B/ should not C/ could not D/ would
8. A/ will B/ shall C/ can D/ must
9. A/ Shall B/ Will C/ Would D/ Can
10. A/ Could B/ Will C/ Would D/ Can
11. A/ can B/ could C/ might D/ will
12. A/ can B/ may C/ could D/ might
3.3.4. Fill the gaps in the text below with modal verbs.
No one knows what changes lie ahead in the 21st century. Yet, one … be positive that innovations … take place in many areas. On the negative side, economic instability … be one of the concerns for mankind and terrorism … make another real threat to everybody's wellbeing. The cure for economic decline … be progress in cutting edge technology. Thinking positively, computer science … be an answer to all questions but further digital divide is the reality that mankind … face in the future. In the developed world people are going to do business from home and this … create more job opportunities and a better working environment for individuals. An ordinary house … be turning out to a complex electronic device on line with access to information, other people, banking, medical, travel and other services, entertainment, and education. In the global economy people … be migrating more and this … create severe problems for immigration policy and national security. Biotechnology … succeed in creating artificial transplant organs and new medicine … win a victory over deadly infections and diseases. Cloning … develop into a prolific industry although ethical barriers … be raised in the way. Cloning humans … be banned if this practice is found to be unethical or dangerous. Democracies … rule the world although there … be a return to autocracy in some places. In any case, nothing … be better than living to see good changes in the world. |
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3.3.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write a free version of what you have read. Focus on modal verbs.
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Scientists may have unravelled secrets of long life at last. They have discovered at least three things which can help predict how long someone will be able to live. It has been reported that the length of a person's life might be related to their body temperature and to the two chemicals circulating in blood, one of them being insulin. On average, people who have a lower body temperature will live longer, as will those with lower level of insulin. The secret might do with a lower metabolic rate. This finding may lead to new ways of helping people to live longer. There must be a link between one's life-span and diet because such a link has been proved by experiments with mice kept on a strict calorie-controlled diet. These animals can live up to 40% longer. They will also have a lower body temperature and a lower level of insulin. The results need to be further proved by a long-term study in people and scientists have to enrol thousands of subjects. Following the lead given by the animal diet experiments the suggestion is that body temperature might be linked to one's longevity. What has been made known so far is that men with lower temperature and insulin in their blood may live longer than their counterparts. There is not enough data to say that these people will live longer. Dieting is not the only factor of lowering the body temperature and insulin in blood. Genetic reasons can get the temperature and insulin down in one's body or else this could be one's lifestyle. If we can learn what some long-living individuals are doing, we will be able to live longer.
3.3.6. Give a list of actions that person must, have to, could, may, might, will and would not perform under the circumstances.
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3.4. PHRASAL MODALS (You'd better… etc).
E.g. It's time you did it. You'd better not do it. I'd rather he do it. It's necessary that she should do it. We might as well do it. Etc.
3.4.1. Study the list of meanings expressed with the help of phrasal modals. Give your own examples.
1. Warning |
You’d better eat less sweeties.. |
2. Decision |
We had better be on our guard. |
3. Threat |
He’d better keep clear of here. |
4. Criticism |
It’s time you started earning money. |
5. Preference |
I would rather we all have a cheesecake. |
6. Wish |
I would like to see the world. |
7. Necessity |
It’s necessary that he abide by the law. |
8. Compulsion |
They were obliged to pay the mortgage early. |
9. Obligation |
I’m supposed to hand the paper in by 12. |
10. Expectation |
Garlic is supposed to be good for health. |
11. Possibility |
Is he likely to be staying over the weekend? |
12. Permission |
I was allowed to take picture on the scene. |
13. Prohibition |
Photography is not allowed in the museum. |
14. No better way |
I might as well go with you. Why stay alone? |
15. Restraint |
I could hardly stop laughing. |
16. Inclination |
There can hardly be any objection to this offer. |
17. Importance |
It is important that the law be obeyed. |
18. Recommendation |
It is recommended that people use less sugar. |
19. Manipulation |
You can't make me act against my will. |
3.4.2. Match grammar structures with their meaning (be critical with your choice)
1. Johnson had better stop his stupid experiments. |
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2. I would rather you had a good sleep before your exam. |
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3. You are all supposed to obey the law and there will be no exception made. |
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4. The visitors are only allowed up to the gate and not a step further. |
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5. It is important that you ask only relevant questions during the interview. |
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6. The train is likely to arrive late at night with all the snow storms on the way. |
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7. The supervisor will make you do you best or else you will get sacked. |
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3.4.3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate choice. Explain the difference.
He … make you marry him against your will.
Our guest … to take a quick look around.
We … keep together. This land looks strange and dangerous.
You … behave yourself!
… Mark started to think about getting married.
Miss Universe … to give numerous interviews and pose for free.
A black cat crossing the road … to bring bad luck.
The kids … go with you fishing. They would love doing it.
It's enough to make a cat …
It is important that all the instructions … to the letter.
The odds are weak but let's believe that this … be true.
I … use a bathroom.
1. A/ can't B/ is likely to C/ can hardly to D/ is supposed to
2. A/ is supposed B/ would like C/ might as well D/ had better
3. A/ would rather B/ had better C/ would like to D/ might as well
4. A/ would like to B/ are supposed to C/ had better D/ are likely to
5. A/ I would rather B/ I would like C/ I had better D/ It's time
6. A/ was supposing B/ was obliged C/ would rather D/ was allowed
7. A/ would like B/ is likely C/ is supposed D/ might as well
8. A/ might as well B/ would like C/ can hardly D/ had better
9. A/ to laugh B/ laugh C/ laughing D/ has laughed
10. A/ are fulfilled B/ were fulfilled C/ be fulfilled D/ have been fulfilled
11. A/ can B/ could C/ may D/ might
12. A/ need B/ have to C must D/ will
3.4.4. Fill the gaps in the text below with the missing language.
Researchers say that sleep …1… to increase brain power to solve problems. The brain …2… to crack complex mental puzzles while its owner is sleeping. In fact, there is evidence that a good night's sleep …3… to help out of problems. Those who keep awake …4… expect to find an easy solution. The brain …5… to restructure information from the previous day during sleep hours and …6… to produce insight into problems. Some people …7… stay up late, but in order to achieve creativity, …8… that every person have a good night sleep. They …9… want to know that only deep sleep helps. A solution to a problem …10… be found without deep sleep. It is …11… to know that without deep sleep there …12… even be a decrease in memory and general intelligence. These findings …13… make everybody sleep well but they are going to be important for school children, students and adults if they …14… to perform well. …15… we all started thinking about our night sleep. With so many people the night sleep is …16… more than five hours while it is …17… that their deep sleep last for eight hours. It is …18… that compulsive TV viewers and Internet users cut their time on modern technology. We …19… respect our full, deep and refreshing sleeping time. |
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3.4.5. GRAMMAR-GLOSS. Read the text only once and write a free version of what you have read. Focus on the use of modals.
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It has been reported in the press that bird flu could mutate and is supposed to become more dangerous than the existing infection. This virus was able to jump the barrier between birds and humans back in 1997. The symptoms are said to include fever, sore throat, and cough. Evidence shows that the disease must have infected humans already. Cases of the disease have been detected in Japan, south Korea and Vietnam. Humans who have caught bird flu are thought to have been directly infected by live chickens. Good news is that only few people might be infected by this new virus. Bad news is that the virus may mutate and then a lot more people will be likely to go down with it in the future. Care should be taken to avoid the possibility of human-to-human transmission. The problem is that the more widespread the virus becomes, the more chance there is that it could alter its form. Then, the disease could even become more dangerous and more people would be feared to go down with it. World Health Organization has issued a warning that urgent measures have to be taken. The advice issued for chicken eaters is that people must be very careful with the poultry meat taken for food and ought to cook it longer than usual. People ought to eat chicken but the meat needs to be cooked long. Well cooked eggs only are allowed to be used as food. Any person with fever, muscular aches and severe respiratory problems ought to report to the doctor. Farm workers should wash their hands thoroughly and are obliged to take measures to improve hygiene on the farms. They are strongly recommended to wear masks and gloves. Poultry dealers had better issue reassuring statements, but some shoppers would rather choose not to buy chicken for their meals.
3.4.6. Give a list of advice on what had better be done in a variety of uneasy situations that people may find themselves in.
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