Vocabulary

COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS

Ex. 1. Scientist, Researcher or Scholar? Read the information in the box³² and underline the correct word in the sentences below.

A scientist is also a researcher as he tests hypothesis and verifies observations and facts. Usually an expert in a science, especially physical or natural sciences. A researcher is a generic term for a person who may study a subject for a better understanding of facts, and he may be a scientist or a scholar in his field. If a person conducts research not in sciences but in the field of religion, law or liberal arts, he is called a research scholar and not a research scientist. A scholar is also used for someone who has been awarded scholarship.

1. A scientist/ researcher is a person with advanced knowledge of one or more sciences.

2. IIASA’s (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis) annual 3-month Young Scientists Summer Program (YSSP) offers research opportunities to talented young researchers/ scientists whose interests correspond with IIASA’s ongoing research on issues of global environmental, economic and social change.

3. IBM computer scholars/ scientists have been at the forefront of scientific and technological innovation in a broad range of research areas.

4. Scientists/ scholars perform research toward a more comprehensive understanding of nature, including physical, mathematical and social realms.

5. A Visiting Scholar/Researcher is generally a Professor of Law at another institution; a Visiting Scientist/Researcher is generally someone who is working towards a graduate degree or doing postgraduate work at another institution.

6. Scholarships are awarded by Buransky Research Foundation to recognize outstanding researchers/ scholars specializing in food engineering and sensory science.

7. One of the most famous scientists/ scholars in genetics, Frederick Sanger established the amino acid sequence, which identified a greater understanding of the polypeptides of insulin.

Ex. 2. What is the difference between

• basic research and action research?

• basic research and applied research?

• extensive research and intensive research?

• effective research and efficient research?

Use an English-English dictionary to help yourself. Fill in the correct word.

1… …………………research (обширное = охватывающее большое количество данных и информации) is empirical and concrete. Large samples are taken to capture variabilities.

2……………………research (интенсивное = требующее многих усилий, больших вычислений, активных действий), unlike extensive research, is much more in depth and often leads to case studies research.

3. According to Sayer (Sayer 1992, 241-251), the distinction between intensive research versus extensive research is more along the scale of depth versus breadth. ……….. research (интенсивное) is concerned with causal process and how it works out in a certain number of cases. ………… research (обширное), which, according to Sayer is more common, concerns itself with finding out common properties and patterns of a certain phenomenon taken as a whole.

4……………………. (экспериментальное) research is carried out to prove a scientific issue.

5…………………… research (базовое = фундаментальное, теоретическое) is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge, such as how and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance are.

6. An …………………research (эффективное = успешное, результативное) gains the results that were intended.

7. An …………………research (эффективное = продуктивное, хорошо организованное) is carried out in a well-organized way, i.e. in the least amount of time and effort necessary.

8. ……………….research (фундаментальное) is one that adds to the already present body of knowledge in a subject of study, while …………………. research (прикладное) seems to be more useful for us as it helps in the creation of new, improved goods, drugs or any other thing that is helpful in a way for us.