- •Content
- •Preface
- •Biology as Science and Important Part of Our Life
- •Applying Life Science to Your Life
- •Careers, hobbies and element of personal culture
- •The scientific method
- •1. Basics of organisation of life
- •1.1. Nature and Properties of Life. Cell Theory
- •1.2. Energy and Energy Conversions. Chemistry aspects of life organisation
- •Ionic bonds
- •Ice floats
- •1.3. Life as Phenomenon of Universe
- •Fig. 1.6. Dna structure
- •2. Elements of general biology
- •2.1. Introduction to Cell Biology
- •Internal membranes
- •Pumping Molecules Through Cell Membranes (active transport)
- •Fig. 2.1. Diffusion into and out of cells
- •Fig. 2.2. Active transport of two different ions
- •Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Organisms
- •Stored energy from the sun
- •The role of photosynthetic pigments
- •Identifying Photosynthetic Reactants and Products
- •Respiration in the cells
- •Comparison of photosynthesis and respiration.
- •2.2. Introduction in Genetics
- •Fig. 2.3. Normal human (female) karyotype
- •Fig. 2.4. Dna ladder separates to form two identical dna ladders
- •Mitosis
- •Incomplete Dominance is Neither Dominant nor Recessive
- •X Chromosomes & y Chromosomes
- •Fig. 2.5. Process of meiosis
- •Fig. 2.6. Process of meiosis (continuation)
- •Inheritance of Blood Types
- •Variations and Mutations
- •Initiation of transcription requires a promoter and rna polymerase
- •2.3. The Introduction to Theory of Evolution
- •2.3.3. Classification and Identification
- •The system of Linnaeus
- •The scientific name
- •Bases of Modern Classification
- •Categories of Classification
- •Subdivisions of the Five Kingdoms
- •Identifying Photosynthetic Reactants and Products
- •3. Aspects of biology of viruses, monera, protists, algae, fungi and lichens
- •3.1. Viruses
- •3.1.1. Discovery of viruses. Sizes of viruses
- •Viruses differ greatly in size. They range in length from 0.01 to over 0.3 micrometers; yet over 500 of them can fit on the point of the pin.
- •3.1.2. Characteristics of viruses
- •3.1.3. Kinds of viral infections
- •3.1.4. Defenses against viral infections
- •3.2. Kingdom Monera. Bacteria
- •3.2.1. Bacteria are organisms
- •3.2.2. Main groupes of bacteria Archaebacteria
- •Photosynthetic bacteria
- •Chemosynthetic bacteria
- •Cyanobacteria
- •Some bacteria are helpful
- •Some bacteria are harmful
- •Prevention and control of bacterial disease
- •3.3. Plantlike Protists. Kingdom Protista
- •3.4. Algae
- •Plants that live in water
- •Economic importance of algae
- •3.5. Fungi
- •3.5.1. Terrestrial molds
- •3.5.2. Water molds
- •3.5.3. Slime molds
- •3.5.4. Club fungi
- •3.5.5. Sac fungi
- •3.5.6. Imperfect fungi
- •3.5.7. Fungi and habitats
- •3.5.8. Adaptations to life on land
- •3.5.9. Ecological and economic roles
- •3.6. Lichens
- •3.6.1.Structure
- •3.6.2. Habitats
- •3.6.3. Nutrition
- •3.6.4. Ecological role
- •3.6.5. Reproduction
- •Summary and test questions
- •4. Botany
- •Nonvascular and vascular plants
- •Seed plants
- •4.1. Bryophytes and Mosses
- •4.1.2. Mosses
- •4.2. Ferns
- •4.2.1. Physical structure
- •4.2.2. Life cycle of ferns
- •4.3. Gymnosperms
- •4.3.1. Conifers
- •Importance of conifers
- •4.3.2. Cycads
- •4.3.3. Ginkgoes
- •4.3.4. Gnetales
- •4.4. Angiosperms
- •Kinds of plant tissues
- •Root structure
- •Leaves and water loss
- •Flowers and sexual reproduction
- •Table 4.1 Comparative characteristics of monocots and dicots
- •5.1. Phylum Protozoa
- •5.1.4. Class Sporozoa
- •5.2. Phylum Porifera: Sponges
- •5.3. Phylum Coelenterata
- •5.4. Phylum Plathelminthes. Flatworms
- •5.5. Phylum Nemathelminthes: Roundworms
- •5.6. Phylum Annelids
- •5.7. Phylum Molluska: Mollusks
- •5.8. Phylum Arthropoda
- •Incomplete Metamorphosis
- •5.9. Phylum Chordata
- •Classification and Characteristics of Amphibians
- •The 4,500 species of mammals live throughout the world. Mammals can live in different environments because their flexible body plan has allowed the various species to undergo many special adaptations.
- •5.10. Classification of Kingdom Animalia
- •6. Human Biology
- •Introduction
- •6.1. The skeleton system
- •6.2. The muscular system
- •6.3. The integumentary system
- •6.4. The respiratory system
- •6.5. The excretory system
- •6.6. Nervous control and coordination
- •Introduction
- •6.7. Sense organs
- •Introduction
- •Vision, Hearing, and Balance
- •6.8. Endocrine system
- •Introduction
- •6.9. Circulatory system
- •Introduction
- •Immune Response
- •Immunity
- •6.10. Nutrition and digestion
- •Vitamins
- •Vitamins and Minerals
- •6.11. Reproduction and development
- •Introduction
- •Influence of external environmental factors on human health
- •6.12. World populationand its regulation
- •World population, total quantity and annual increase, 1950–2000 (us Bureau, 2001)
- •7. Biodiversity as phenomenon of life
- •Introduction
- •7.1. Biodiversity and problems of its preservation
- •Biodiversity components and levels (Global, 1995)
- •Quantitative assessment of the species diversity of the planet (Global, 2001)
- •7.2. Biodiversity conservation in Ukraine: conceptual developments and challenges
- •7.3. Protected Areas and Econet of Ukraine as instruments of conservation and innovation
- •7.4. Transboundary protected areas and opportunities for cooperation
- •Carpathians case (successful story)
- •The greening of local environment
- •Conclusion
- •Annex 1. Classification of living organisms
- •Bibliography
- •Additional references
- •Other information resources
- •Terms and definition index
Bibliography
Jovanovich H.B. Biology.- Florida: Orlando, 1989.-926p.
Wallace R.H., Walter K.T. Invertebrate zoology, a laboratory manual, fifth edition.-Florida: Prentice-Hall, 1997.-336p.
Kukenthal W., Renner M. Leitfaden fur das zoologische Praktikum, 18.Aufl. Fischer Jena, 1980.-140p.
Remane A., Storch V., Welsch W. Systematische zoologie.- Fischer Jena,1976.-200p.
Audesirk T., Audesirk G., Byers B.E. Life on Earth, Second edition, Study guide. – Addison Wesley, 2000. – 728p.
Curtis H. Biology, Second edition. – Worth Publishers inc., 1975. – 1065p.
Global Biodiversity Outlook. Published by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. - Montreal, 2001. – 282 p.
Global Biodiversity Assessment. Executive / Editor V.H. Heywood, Chair R.T. Watson. Published for the UNEP by Cambridge University Press. – Сambridge, 1995. – 1140 p.
Additional references
National Report of Ukraine on Conservation of Biological Diversity.- Ministry for Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine, Inter-Agency Co-ordination Commission on Conservation of Biological and Landscape Diversity.- Kyiv, - 1997–31pp.
Я. Мовчан. Екомережа України: обгрунтування структури та шляхів утілення.- Конвенція про біологічне розмаїття: громадська обізнаність і участь.-Київ: Стилос, 1997.– 154 с. (Ya. Movchan.-EcoNet of Ukraine: Justification of Structure and Implementation. -Kyiv.- Stilos, 1997. – pp. 98-110).
National Report on the State of Environment in Ukraine. - Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.- Kyiv.-1999.- 184pp.
Movchan Ya. The way forward: how to profile the relationship between biodiversity and economy in the “Environment for Europe Ministerial Process”. Proceedings of the European Conference “Globalization, Ecology and Economy – Bridging Worlds”. Tilburg (The Netherlands), 24-26 November, 1999, p.77-85/
М. Коржнєв та ін. Концептуальні основи природно-ресурсної моделі сталого розвитку України.-Національна академія наук України. -Київ.-2001.–64c. (Korzhnev at all. Conceptual grounds of the nature-resources model for sustainable development of Ukraine. -National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.- Kyiv.-2001– 64pp).
The Law of Ukraine “ On Nature Conservation Fund”( 1992).
The Law of Ukraine “ On Animal Kingdom” (2001).
The Law of Ukraine “ On Plant Kingdom” (1999).
The Law of Ukraine “ On Red Data Book Of Ukraine (2002).
The Law of Ukraine “On the state Program of Development of National Ecological Network for the Years 2000-2015” (2000).
Other information resources
· Global Biodiversity Outlook 2 (www.cbd.int/gbo2)
· Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (www.millenniumassessment.org)
· Global Environment Outlook 4 (www.unep.org/GEO/GEO4)
· International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for
Development (www.agassessment.org)
· 4th Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (www.ipcc.ch )
· Countdown 2010 Readiness Assessment (www.countdown2010.net)
· The 2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership (www.twentyten.net)
· The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www.iucnredlist.org).