- •Content
- •Preface
- •Biology as Science and Important Part of Our Life
- •Applying Life Science to Your Life
- •Careers, hobbies and element of personal culture
- •The scientific method
- •1. Basics of organisation of life
- •1.1. Nature and Properties of Life. Cell Theory
- •1.2. Energy and Energy Conversions. Chemistry aspects of life organisation
- •Ionic bonds
- •Ice floats
- •1.3. Life as Phenomenon of Universe
- •Fig. 1.6. Dna structure
- •2. Elements of general biology
- •2.1. Introduction to Cell Biology
- •Internal membranes
- •Pumping Molecules Through Cell Membranes (active transport)
- •Fig. 2.1. Diffusion into and out of cells
- •Fig. 2.2. Active transport of two different ions
- •Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Organisms
- •Stored energy from the sun
- •The role of photosynthetic pigments
- •Identifying Photosynthetic Reactants and Products
- •Respiration in the cells
- •Comparison of photosynthesis and respiration.
- •2.2. Introduction in Genetics
- •Fig. 2.3. Normal human (female) karyotype
- •Fig. 2.4. Dna ladder separates to form two identical dna ladders
- •Mitosis
- •Incomplete Dominance is Neither Dominant nor Recessive
- •X Chromosomes & y Chromosomes
- •Fig. 2.5. Process of meiosis
- •Fig. 2.6. Process of meiosis (continuation)
- •Inheritance of Blood Types
- •Variations and Mutations
- •Initiation of transcription requires a promoter and rna polymerase
- •2.3. The Introduction to Theory of Evolution
- •2.3.3. Classification and Identification
- •The system of Linnaeus
- •The scientific name
- •Bases of Modern Classification
- •Categories of Classification
- •Subdivisions of the Five Kingdoms
- •Identifying Photosynthetic Reactants and Products
- •3. Aspects of biology of viruses, monera, protists, algae, fungi and lichens
- •3.1. Viruses
- •3.1.1. Discovery of viruses. Sizes of viruses
- •Viruses differ greatly in size. They range in length from 0.01 to over 0.3 micrometers; yet over 500 of them can fit on the point of the pin.
- •3.1.2. Characteristics of viruses
- •3.1.3. Kinds of viral infections
- •3.1.4. Defenses against viral infections
- •3.2. Kingdom Monera. Bacteria
- •3.2.1. Bacteria are organisms
- •3.2.2. Main groupes of bacteria Archaebacteria
- •Photosynthetic bacteria
- •Chemosynthetic bacteria
- •Cyanobacteria
- •Some bacteria are helpful
- •Some bacteria are harmful
- •Prevention and control of bacterial disease
- •3.3. Plantlike Protists. Kingdom Protista
- •3.4. Algae
- •Plants that live in water
- •Economic importance of algae
- •3.5. Fungi
- •3.5.1. Terrestrial molds
- •3.5.2. Water molds
- •3.5.3. Slime molds
- •3.5.4. Club fungi
- •3.5.5. Sac fungi
- •3.5.6. Imperfect fungi
- •3.5.7. Fungi and habitats
- •3.5.8. Adaptations to life on land
- •3.5.9. Ecological and economic roles
- •3.6. Lichens
- •3.6.1.Structure
- •3.6.2. Habitats
- •3.6.3. Nutrition
- •3.6.4. Ecological role
- •3.6.5. Reproduction
- •Summary and test questions
- •4. Botany
- •Nonvascular and vascular plants
- •Seed plants
- •4.1. Bryophytes and Mosses
- •4.1.2. Mosses
- •4.2. Ferns
- •4.2.1. Physical structure
- •4.2.2. Life cycle of ferns
- •4.3. Gymnosperms
- •4.3.1. Conifers
- •Importance of conifers
- •4.3.2. Cycads
- •4.3.3. Ginkgoes
- •4.3.4. Gnetales
- •4.4. Angiosperms
- •Kinds of plant tissues
- •Root structure
- •Leaves and water loss
- •Flowers and sexual reproduction
- •Table 4.1 Comparative characteristics of monocots and dicots
- •5.1. Phylum Protozoa
- •5.1.4. Class Sporozoa
- •5.2. Phylum Porifera: Sponges
- •5.3. Phylum Coelenterata
- •5.4. Phylum Plathelminthes. Flatworms
- •5.5. Phylum Nemathelminthes: Roundworms
- •5.6. Phylum Annelids
- •5.7. Phylum Molluska: Mollusks
- •5.8. Phylum Arthropoda
- •Incomplete Metamorphosis
- •5.9. Phylum Chordata
- •Classification and Characteristics of Amphibians
- •The 4,500 species of mammals live throughout the world. Mammals can live in different environments because their flexible body plan has allowed the various species to undergo many special adaptations.
- •5.10. Classification of Kingdom Animalia
- •6. Human Biology
- •Introduction
- •6.1. The skeleton system
- •6.2. The muscular system
- •6.3. The integumentary system
- •6.4. The respiratory system
- •6.5. The excretory system
- •6.6. Nervous control and coordination
- •Introduction
- •6.7. Sense organs
- •Introduction
- •Vision, Hearing, and Balance
- •6.8. Endocrine system
- •Introduction
- •6.9. Circulatory system
- •Introduction
- •Immune Response
- •Immunity
- •6.10. Nutrition and digestion
- •Vitamins
- •Vitamins and Minerals
- •6.11. Reproduction and development
- •Introduction
- •Influence of external environmental factors on human health
- •6.12. World populationand its regulation
- •World population, total quantity and annual increase, 1950–2000 (us Bureau, 2001)
- •7. Biodiversity as phenomenon of life
- •Introduction
- •7.1. Biodiversity and problems of its preservation
- •Biodiversity components and levels (Global, 1995)
- •Quantitative assessment of the species diversity of the planet (Global, 2001)
- •7.2. Biodiversity conservation in Ukraine: conceptual developments and challenges
- •7.3. Protected Areas and Econet of Ukraine as instruments of conservation and innovation
- •7.4. Transboundary protected areas and opportunities for cooperation
- •Carpathians case (successful story)
- •The greening of local environment
- •Conclusion
- •Annex 1. Classification of living organisms
- •Bibliography
- •Additional references
- •Other information resources
- •Terms and definition index
Content
PREFACE |
|
INTRODUCTION |
|
1. Basics of Organisation of Life |
|
1.1. Nature and Properties of Life. Cell Theory |
|
1.2. Energy and Energy Conversions. Chemistry Aspects of Life Organisation |
|
1.2.1. Life and Chemistry: Atoms and Small Molecules |
|
1.2.2. Chemical Bonds: Linking Atoms Together |
|
1.2.3. Chemical Reactions: Atoms Change Partners |
|
1.2.4. Water: Structure and Properties |
|
1.2.5. Acids, Bases, and the pH Scale |
|
1.3. Life as Phenomenon of Universe |
|
1.3.1. Biotic Role of Large Molecules |
|
1.3.2. Physics and Chemistry of a Living Cell |
|
Summary and test questions |
|
2. Elements of General Biology |
|
2.1. Introduction to Cell Biology |
|
2.1.1.Cells: Basic Units of Life |
|
2.1.2. Energy, Enzymes and Metabolism |
|
2.1.3.Photosynthesis: Energy from the Sun |
|
2.2. Introduction to Genetics |
|
2.2.1.Chromosomes, Cell Cycle and Cell Division |
|
2.2.2.Genetics: Mendel and Beyond |
|
2.2.3.From DNA to Protein: Genotype to Phenotype |
|
2.3. Introduction to Theory of Evolution |
|
2.3.1. Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution |
|
2.3.2. Light and time effects as aspects of evolution phenomena and “natural” classification |
|
2.3.3. Classification and Identification |
|
Summary and test questions |
|
3. Aspects of Biology of Viruses, Protists, Monera, Algae, Fungi and Lichens |
|
3.1.Viruses |
|
3.1.1. Discovery of viruses. Sizes of viruses |
|
3.1.2.Characteristics of viruses |
|
3.1.3.Kinds of viral infections |
|
3.1.4. Defenses against viral infections |
|
3.1.5.Protection from viral infections |
|
3.2. Kingdom Monera. Bacteria |
|
3.2.1.Bacteria are organisms |
|
3.2.2. Main groupes of bacteria |
|
3.2.3. Some features of bacteria |
|
3.3. Plantlike Protists. Kingdom Protista |
|
3.3.1. Phylum Clorophyta |
|
3.4. Algae |
|
3.5. Fungi |
|
3.5.1. Terrestrial molds |
|
3.5.2. Water molds |
|
3.5.3. Slime molds |
|
3.5.4. Club fungi |
|
3.5.5. Sac fungi |
|
3.5.6. Imperfect fungi |
|
3.5.7. Fungi and habitats |
|
3.5.8. Adaptations to life on land |
|
3.5.9. Ecological and economic roles |
|
3.6. Lichens |
|
3.6.1. Structure |
|
3.6.2. Habitats |
|
3.6.3. Nutrition |
|
3.6.4. Ecological role |
|
3.6.5. Reproduction |
|
Summary and test questions |
|
4. Botany |
|
4.1. Bryophytes and Mosses |
|
4.1.1. Bryophytes |
|
4.1.2. Mosses |
|
4.2. Ferns |
|
4.2.1.Physical structure |
|
4.2.2.Life cycle of ferns |
|
4.3. Gymnosperms |
|
4.3.1.Conifers |
|
4.3.2.Cycads |
|
4.3.3.Ginkgoes |
|
4.3.4.Gnetales |
|
4.4. Angiosperms |
|
4.4.1.Physical structure |
|
4.4.2. Angiosperm life cycle |
|
4.4.3. Reproduction from roots, leaves and stems |
|
Summary and test questions |
|
5. Zoology |
|
5.1. Phylum Protozoa |
|
5.2. Phylum Porifera: Sponges |
|
5.3. Phylum Coelenterata |
|
5.4. Phylum Plathelminthes: Flatworms |
|
5.5. Phylum Nemathelminthes: Roundworms |
|
5.6. Phylum Annelids |
|
5.7. Phylum Molluska: Mollusks |
|
5.8. Phylum Arthropoda |
|
5.9. Phylum Chordata |
|
5.10. Classification of Kingdom Animalia |
|
Summary and test questions |
|
6. Human Biology |
|
6.1. Skeleton system |
|
6.2. Muscular system |
|
6.3. Integumentary system |
|
6.4. Respiratory system |
|
6.5. Excretory system |
|
6.6. Nervous control and coordination |
|
6.7. Sense organs |
|
6.8. Endocrine system |
|
6.9. Circulatory system |
|
6.10. Nutrition and digestion |
|
6.11. Reproduction and development |
|
6.12. Human health and environment |
|
6.13. The world population and its regulation |
|
Summary and test questions |
|
7. Biodiversity as Phenomenon of Life |
|
7.1. Biodiversity and problems of its preservation |
|
7.2. Biodiversity conservation in Ukraine: conceptual developments and challenges |
|
7.3. Protected Areas and Econet of Ukraine as instruments of conservation and innovation |
|
7.4. Transboundary protected areas and opportunities for cooperation |
|
Summary and test questions |
|
Vocabulary |
|
CONCLUSIONS |
|
AFTERWORDS |
|
ANNEXES |
|
Annex 1. Classification of Living Organisms |
|
Annex 2. Illustrations |
|
Annex 3. Periodic table |
|
BIBLOGRAPHY |
|
INDEX OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS |
|
INDEX OF PERSONALITIES |
|