1.8. Boeing updated flight deck.

Exercise 1.8.1 Read and translate the text.

When Boeing updated its jumbo in the mid-1980s, it devoted considerable effort to bringing the flight deck into the digital age. The confusing clutter of gauges and dials, which stretches across the front panel and the flight engineer’s panel on older jumbos, has been dramatically automated and simplified. On the 747-400, six 8in-square cathode ray tubes (CRT) display the critical engine, flight and system information.

In front of each pilot is a Primary Flight Display (PFD), the prime reference for flying the jet. It incorporates the key instruments – altimeter, airspeed, attitude indicator, vertical speed and heading information – on one screen for easy viewing. Flight director bars on the attitude indicator provide pitch and roll commands to guide the pilots to a selected heading or altitude or along a routeing programmed into the flight computer. Inboard of each PFD are the Navigation Displays (ND) and, as the name implies, these are the main source of navigation information. Pilots can choose a number of different formats for the displays and using controls on the glareshield, they can display other information such as the location of airports, radio beacons and returns from the weather radar.

Two CRTs in the centre of the instrument panel, one above the other, can display an array of information, depending on screen selection. Normally the upper CRT shows primary engine parameters - engine pressure ratio (EPR) , N1, which measures the speed of the engine’s front fan, and the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) – while the lower one is left blank. These screens also display messages and warnings generated by the Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) and the status of various aircraft systems. The alerting function monitors all systems and when a problem is detected, a message appears on the upper CRT. There are four levels of alerts: Warning, Caution, Advisory and Status. Warnings are the most serious and alert the pilots to dangerous conditions, such as fires, that threaten the safety of the flight. ‘FIRE ENG 1’and ‘ENG 3 FAIL’ are examples of two warnings that pilots see often in the simulator but never want to see in real life. Warnings appear in red at the top of the EICAS message list, accompanied by the master warning’s lights on the glareshield and an aural alert, such as a voice, bell or siren, all of which prompt the pilots to perform the appropriate emergency drill. Cautions are less serious but still require action. These show up in amber and activate the master caution lights and a beeper. Advisories, also shown in amber, highlight conditions the crew should be aware of. Status messages appear on the lower CRT when selected and are normally not visible, being relatively unimportant. These are also Memo Messages that appear in white to indicate the selection of normal functions such as the no smoking sign or the parking brake.

The lower CRT can present secondary engine information that includes the N2 and N3 compressor speeds and oil temperatures and pressures. Synoptic diagrams can also be displayed to show the configuration of any one of the six major systems – doors, electrical, fuel, environmental, gear and hydraulics. With a quick glance, pilots can check the status of a system, such as distribution of the fuel load, or troubleshoot a problem, like an inoperative fuel pump.

Exercise 1.8.2 Answer the questions.

1. What was automated and simplified on Boeing?

2. What information does CRT display?

3. Which instruments does Primary Flight Display incorporate?

4. What is the purpose of flight director bars?

5. What is the main source of navigation information?

6. Where are two CRTs arranged?

7. What does the upper CRT show?

8. What does EGT mean?

9. Which system generates warnings?

10. Does EICAS indicate the status of various aircraft systems?

11. Where does the alert message appear?

12. How do many alert levels exist?

13. Which is more serious: warning or caution?

14. What do warnings require?

15. What does lower CRT present?

16. What are synoptic charts for?

Exercise1.8.3 Are the following statements true (√) or false (×)? Correct the false ones.

1. Boeing updated its jumbo in the mid – 1990s.

2. CRT displays the critical engine, flight and system information.

3. On the right of each pilot there is a Primary Flight Display PFD.

4. PFD incorporates the key instruments on one screen for easy arrangement.

5. Flight director bars on the attitude indicator provide pitch and roll commands.

6. The Navigation displays are the prime reference for flying the jet.

7. The pilots can display such information as location of airports, radio beacons.

8. Two CRTs are in the centre of the instrument panel.

9. The information on the CRTs does not depend on screen selection.

10. The lower CRT shows primary engine parameters.

17. When problem is detected a message appears on the upper CRT.

18. There are three levels of alerts.

19. Warnings signal about the most dangerous conditions that threaten the safety of the flight.

20. Warnings appear in amber and are accompanied by the master warning lights on the glareshield.

21. Pilots can check the status of the six systems – door, electrical, fuel, environmental, gear and hydraulics.

Exercise 1.8.4 Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations.

Основные параметры двигателя; команды по крену и тангажу; основной источник; включать; катодно-лучевая трубка; упрощено; цифровой век; приборная доска; обнаруживать; тренажер; сигнализация; памятное сообщение; предписанная высота; измерять; температура выхлопных газов; показывать; сигнализировать; контролировать; главное табло сигнализации; верхняя КЛТ; опасные условия; безопасность полета; усовершенствованы.

Exercise1.8.5 What do the following abbreviation stand for:

CRT PFD ND EFR EGT EICAS

Exercise 1.8.6 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and expressions.

Cockpit; data; indicators; show; instrument board; main; different; controls; demand; choose; operation; consist of; air conditioning; eliminate; failed.

Exercise 1.8.7 Match the word combinations and expressions in column A with those in column B.

A	B
1. using controls on the glare shield	a. выводит пилота на заданный курс
2. array of information	b. функция сигнализации
3. speed of the engine’s front fan	c. в зависимости от выбора дисплея
4. status of all systems	d. включает главное табло предупреждения
5. devoted considerable efforts	e. информация по резервному двигателю
6. guide the pilots to a selected heading	f. состояние всех систем
7. alerting function	g. приложили огромные усилия
8. depending on screen selection	h. большое количество информации
9. has been dramatically automated and simplified	i. используя органы управления на приборной доске
10. when a problem is detected	j. скорость вращения переднего воздушного винта двигателя
11. prompt the pilots	k. распределение топливной нагрузки
12. activates the master caution light	l. были разительно автоматизированы и упрощены
13. secondary engine information	m. подсказывает пилоту
14. distribution of fuel load	n. когда проблема обнаружена

Exercise 1.8.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1. It devoted considerable effort to bringing _____ (equipment, flight deck, cockpit) into the digital age.

2. In front of each pilot is a _____ (flight director bars, selector, Primary Flight Display)

3. CRTs _____ (show, present, display) the critical engine, flight and system information.

4. It _____ (has, arranges, incorporates) key instruments.

5. Flight director bars on the attitude indicator ____ (provide, show, detect) pitch and roll commands.

6. Pilots can ______ (use, automate, choose) a number of different formats.

7. When a problem is _____ (found, checked, detected) a message appears on the upper CRT.

8. Memo messages ______ (appear, indicate, simplify) the selection of normal functions

9. Clutter of gauges and dials ______ (has been changed, has been installed, has been automated).

10. Pilot can ____ (see, inspect, check) the status of a system.

11. They can display the _____ (place, fix, location) of airports.

12. Warnings alert the pilots to _____ (emergency, abnormal, dangerous) conditions.

Exercise1.8. 9 Fill in the gaps with the related words.

1. The alerting function _____ all systems. (MONITORING)

2. There are four levels of ______ .(WARN)

3. It ____ the speed of the engines front fan. (MEASURING)

4. The upper CRT ________ primary engine parameters. (GIVING)

5. These screens display warnings ______ by the EICAS. (GENERATION)

6. These _____ in amber and activate the master caution lights. (LIGHTING UP)

7. ______ appear in red at the top of the EICAS message list. (WARNS)

8. Cautions are less _________ but still require action. (SERIOUSLY)

9. Status messages are _____ unimportant. (RELATIVE)

10. Memo messages _____ the selection of normal functions. (INDICATION)

11. Warnings _________ the pilots to perform the appropriate emergency drill. (ALERTING)

12. Synoptic diagrams show the _____ of any of the six major systems. (CONFIGURATED)

Exercise 1.8.10 In the list below the box find a definition for the given words.

Jumbo Flight engineer Flight deck Primary flight display Simulator Attitude Director Indicator (ADI) Pitch Beacon Weather radar Warning Fuel load

1. a licensed flight crew member whose duties include supervision and management of aircraft systems, engines, fuel and ground servicing

2. cockpit from where the aircraft is operated and controlled

3. an advanced artificial horizon associated with the flight Director system

4. unusually large jet

5. one of the screens in an Electronic Flight Information System, which displays attitude of an aircraft and flight mode annunciator

6. radio facility used to aid direction finding in navigation

7. the attitude of an aircraft about its lateral axis, indicating whether the nose is up or down

8. an alarm or signal which draws attention to a particular circumstance or system

9. the quantity of fuel required by the captain for the forthcoming flight

10. a training machine which simulates the handling characteristics

11. aircraft or ground radar specially designed to detect and display cloud and heavy rain

Exercise 1.8.11 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Катодно-лучевые трубки находятся в центре приборной доски одна над другой.

2. Перед каждым пилотом находится основной пилотажный дисплей.

3. Он включает ключевые приборы – высотомер, указатель скорости, указатель пространственного положения, указатель вертикальной скорости и курса.

4. Существуют четыре уровня сигнализации: предупреждение, сигнализация, консультативное сообщение и индикация состояния.

5. Стрелки (планки) пилотажного командного прибора дают команды по тангажу и крену.

6. Пилот может проверить состояние системы распределения топливной нагрузки или устранить неисправность.

7. На Боинге 747 катодно-лучевая трубка показывает информацию о неисправном двигателе, полете и о системах.

8. Пилоты могут выбрать дисплей и, используя органы управления на приборной доске, могут показать другую информацию.

9. Эти дисплеи также показывают сообщения и предупреждения, которые посылает система индикации и сигнализации работы двигателя.

10. Когда обнаруживается проблема, сообщение появляется на верхней катодно-лучевой трубке.

11. Нижняя катодно-лучевая трубка показывает информацию по резервному двигателю, которая включает скорости компрессора №2 и №3, температуру, давление масла.

12. Синоптические (обзорные) схемы могут изображаться, чтобы показать конфигурацию любой из шести основных систем.

13. Сигнализация – самая серьезная функция, которая предупреждает пилотов об опасной ситуации как, например, пожаре.

14. Предупреждения менее серьезны, но требуют действия.

Exercise 1.8.12 Make up your own sentences using the following words and word combinations.

Confusing clutter of gauges; display; the key instruments; attitude indicator; provide pitch and roll commands; the weather radar; instrument panel; engine parameters; the status of various aircraft systems; alert the pilots; simulator; warnings; beeper; present; compressor speeds; oil temperatures; pressures; fuel load; inoperative fuel pump.

Exercise 1.8.13 Retell the text.