2.3. After Start Check

Exercise 2.3.1 Read and translate the text using the word list.

With all engines turning, Harry performs the After Start checks. All four hydraulic demand pumps are switched to AUTO; the nacelle anti-ice switches checked set AUTO; aft cargo heat is turned ON; air-conditioning packs are turned back ON; and the EICAS is checked for any unresolved messages. The checklist is read to ensure completion of these vital items.

If icing conditions were present, the anti-ice system would now be turned ON for taxi, take-off and climb-out. When this is done, hot bleed air from the engine compressors is piped to the leading edges of the engine nacelles to melt any ice that may be present and prevent more ice from collecting. After take-off, switches are selected to AUTO and ice detectors located near the nose will sense any build-up of ice on the airframe and turn on the anti-ice automatically. The aircraft also has a wing anti-ice system. When manually selected by the pilots, hot engine air is used to de-ice the leading edges of the wings.

During the engine start, the aircraft has been pushed back on to the broad expanse of tarmac in front of the terminal and turned to face northeast. Ahead is the south parallel runway and beyond that the central terminal complex. The jet stops and the engineer calls:

Ground engineer intercom: “Brakes to park.”

Captain intercom: “Brakes set to park, engines stabilized.”

It takes a few minutes for the ground crew to disconnect the tug. The engineer returns to the intercom and John responds.

Captain intercom: “Hello ground, your clearance please.”

Ground engineer intercom: “All ground equipment cleared, hatches closed, final clearance on your right-hand side.”

Captain intercom: “See you on the right, thank you.”

With that call, the engineer has confirmed that the tug is moving clear and that the jet’s doors and hatches are secure. He walks away from the aircraft and once in clear view of the pilots, stops and makes a final check that the tug has moved away and nothing else is amiss. He then holds up a pin with a red flag flapping from the end. This is the steering lockout pin and it was inserted in the nose wheel assembly to permit the gear to turn freely during pushback. If left in, the pilots would be unable to steer the jet during the taxi to the runway so they need to make certain that it has been removed.

With a final wave, the engineer sends the jet on its way. This is the crew’s cue to set flaps and request taxi clearance. The Captain calls “Select flaps”, and Harry moves the selector to 20°.A flap display appears on the upper EICAS and shows the flaps moving to the desired setting. As they do, the reason for the jumbo’s good airfield performance becomes obvious – the wings get bigger, enabling them to create more lift for take-off. Inboard and outboard triple-slotted flaps extend from the trailing edge of each wing. The front of the wings changes shape as well. The 747 has 28 leading edge flaps. Three Krueger flaps – looking much like a flat panel flaps – deploy from the underside of each wing between the fuselage and inboard engine. Eleven variable camber flaps are located along the rest of the leading edge. Made from fiberglass, they actually curve as they move from their stowed position to provide better lift characteristics. So the leading edge devices extend to increase both the size and camber of the wings to improve lift at slower speeds.

Exercise 2.3.2 Answer the questions.

1. What does Harry do with all engines turning?

2. How many hydraulic demand pumps are there in the aircraft?

3. Which anti-ice switches are set AUTO?

4. Is the heating turned ON in the aft or in the forward cargo compartment?

5. Are the air-conditioning packs still OFF?

6. Why is the EICAS checked?

7. What for is the checklist read?

8. What would be done if icing conditions were present before the departure?

9. What happens to the leading edges of the engine nacelle in such a case?

10. Why is hot bleed air piped there?

11. Where are the ice detectors located?

12. Will these detectors sense any ice on the airframe?

13. Will they turn on the anti-ice system manually or automatically?

14. What happens when the pilots select the wing anti-ice system ON?

15. Where has the aircraft been pushed back during the engine start?

16. Has the 747 turned to face south-west?

17. What is there ahead and behind the tarmac?

18. Who gives the instruction to set brakes?

19. How long does it take to disconnect the tug?

20. What information does the Captain get from the ground engineer?

21. Where does the engineer stop and take a final check?

22. What does he want to be sure of?

23. What does he do then?

24. What sort of pin does he hold up?

25. Why was it inserted in the nose wheel assembly before that?

26. Can the pilots steer the jet to the runway with the steering lockout pin inserted?

27. What is the crew’s turn to do now?

28. What picture appears on the EICAS display?

29. Is it the lower EICAS display again?

30. Where are the flaps moving?

31. Why are the flaps necessary even at this early stage?

32. What kind of flaps are there in the 747?

33. Are the flaps only at the trailing edges of the wings?

34. What do the Krueger flaps look like?

35. Where do they deploy?

36. How many variable camber flaps are located along the leading edges?

37. What are they made of?

38. Do they really curve while moving from their stowed position?

39. Are there also double slotted or triple-slotted flaps at the trailing edges of the wings?

40. Why are there so many different flaps in the 747 jumbo jet?

Exercise 2.3.3 Are the following statements true (√) or false (×)? Correct the false ones.

1. With all engines turning, Harry performs the Pre Start checks.

2. All eight hydraulic demand pumps are switched to AUTO.

3. The aft cargo heat is turned OFF.

4. The EICAS is checked for any resolved messages.

5. The nacelle anti-ice switches checked set AUTO.

6. The checklist is read to ensure completion of the vital items.

7. If icing conditions were not present, the anti-ice system would be turned ON for taxi, take-off and climb-out.

8. Hot bleed air from the engine compressors is piped to the trailing edges of the engine nacelles.

9. It is done to melt any ice that may be present and prevent more ice from collecting.

10. After take-off, switches are selected to AUTO.

11. The ice detectors located near the tail will sense any build-up of ice on the airframe and turn on the anti-ice automatically.

12. The aircraft also has a wing anti-ice system.

13. When automatically selected by the pilots, hot engine air is used to de-ice the leading edges of the wings.

14. During the engine start, the aircraft has been pushed back in front of the terminal and turned to face northwest.

15. Ahead the aircraft is the north parallel runway and beyond that the central terminal complex.

16. The jet stops and the captain reports that the brakes have been set to park and the engines have been stabilized.

17. It takes a long time for the ground crew to disconnect the tug.

18. The engineer reports that all the ground equipment has been cleared, the hatches have been opened and the final clearance is to be expected on the left-hand side.

19. The engineer has confirmed that the tug is moving clear and that the jet’s doors and hatches are secure.

20. The engineer walks away from the aircraft and once in clear view of the pilots, stops and makes a final check that the tug has moved away and nothing else is amiss.

21. Then the engineer holds up a pin with a white flag flapping from the end.

22. This is the steering lockout pin and it was inserted in the nose wheel assembly to permit the gear to turn freely during pushback.

23. If the lockout pin were removed, the pilots would be unable to steer the jet during the taxi to the runway.

24. The crew have to set flaps and request taxi clearance.

25. The Captain calls “Select flaps”, and Harry moves the selector to 20°.

26. A flap display appears on the lower EICAS and shows the flaps moving to the desired setting.

27. The reason for the jumbo’s good airfield performance is obvious – the wings get bigger, enabling them to create more lift for take-off.

28. Inboard and outboard double-slotted flaps extend from the trailing edge of each wing.

29. The front part of the wings doesn’t change its shape.

30. The 747 has 28 trailing edge flaps.

31. Three Krueger flaps deploy from the underside of each wing between the fuselage and inboard engine.

32. Eleven variable camber flaps are located along the rest of the trailing edge.

33. Made from aluminum, the camber flaps actually curve as they move from their stowed position to provide better lift characteristics.

34. The leading edge devices extend to increase both the size and camber of the wings to improve lift at higher speed.

Exercise 2.3.4 Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations.

Простор; закрылок; плоский; реплика; выдвинуть; развевающийся на ветру; каркас ВС; агрегат; находящийся в задней части ВС; неверный; стравленный воздух; кривизна; неправильный; противообледенительная система постоянного действия; разворачиваться; изгибаться; создавать; контрольный перечень; обогрев грузового отсека; давать возможность; люк; гидронасос; вопрос/ пункт; улучшать; вставить; находящийся у корпуса/ внутренний; передняя кромка крыла; гондола двигателя; отъехать; очевидный; вручную; растопить/ растаять; убирать/ устранять; предотвращать; закрепленный; подводить по трубопроводу; находящийся вдали от корпуса/ внешний; летно-техническая характеристика; бетонная площадка; устройство; желаемый; стопорный палец поворотного хомута (передней стойки шасси); отсоединить; установить закрылок (на определенный угол); отправить в путь; убранное положение; закрепленный.

Exercise 2.3.5 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and expressions.

Do; control; report; load; unsolved; guarantee; conclusion; significant; wide; tip; include; evident; build up; stretch; form; bend; enlarge; make better; feel; accumulation; avert; thaw; blow.

Exercise 2.3.6 Match the word combinations and expressions in column A with those in column B.

A

B

1. checklist 2. steering lockout pin 3. move clear 4. send smth on its way 5. nose wheel assembly 6. hydraulic demand pump 7. performance 8. unresolved message 9. triple-slotted flaps 10.anti-ice system 11.bleed air 12.leading edge 13.stowed position 14.set flaps 15.trailing edge 16.make certain 17.airframe 18.flat panel flap

a. стравленный воздух b. установить закрылки c. противооблед. сист. пост. действия d. задняя кромка крыла e. контрольный перечень f. убранное положение g. передняя кромка крыла h. трехщелевой закрылок i. отправить в путь j. стопорный палец k. летно-техн. характеристика l. узел носового колеса m. гидронасос n. отъехать o. сообщение о нерешен. конфликте p. плоский закрылок q. удостовериться r. корпус ВС

Exercise 2.3.7 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1. With all engines ______ (turning, going, starting) Harry performs the After Start checks.

2. All four hydraulic ______ (oil, fuel, demand) pumps are switched to AUTO.

3. The nacelle anti-ice switches checked ______ (turned, set, switched) AUTO.

4. Air-conditioning ______ (packs, pumps, devices) are turned ON.

5. The checklist is read to ______ (assure, insure, ensure) completion of these vital items.

6. If icing _____ (circumstances, conditions, events) were present, the anti-ice system would now be turned ON.

7. Hot bleed air from the engine compressors is ______ (piped, pressed, let) to the leading edges of the engine nacelles.

8. Hot bleed air from the engine prevents more ice from ________ (collecting, passing, melting).

9. Ice detectors will ______ (feel, sense, notice) any build-up of ice on the airframe.

10. Hot engine air is used to de-ice the leading _____ (edges, parts, portions) of the wings.

11. During the engine start, the aircraft has been _____ (pulled, put, pushed) back.

12. The aircraft is now on the broad expanse of _____ (platform, square, tarmac) in front of the terminal.

13. Brakes are set to park and the engines are _____ (stabilized, running, stopped).

14. It takes a few minutes for the ground crew to _____ (dispose of, deploy, disconnect) the tug.

15. All ground equipment cleared, hatches closed, final ______ (signal, clearance, message) is on the right-hand side.

16. The jet’s doors and hatches are _____ (secure, balanced, connected).

17. The engineer is now in clear _____ (sight, vision, view) of the pilots.

18. He holds up a _____ (pin, stick, lamp) with a red flag.

19. If it were left in, the pilots would be unable to _____ (move, steer, control) the jet during the taxi to the runway.

20. The reason for the jumbo’s good airfield ______ (performance, behavior, taxiing) is obvious.

21. The front of the wings changes _____ (lines, colour, shape) as well.

22. Three Krueger flaps _____ (deploy, turn, extend) from the underside of each wing.

23. Eleven variable camber flaps are _____ (built-in, located, installed) along the rest of the leading edge.

24. Eleven variable camber flaps ____ (increase, reduce, curve) as they move from their position.

25. Eleven variable camber flaps move from their _____ (stowed, hidden, secret) position.

26. The leading edge devices increase both the size and _____ (angle, number, camber) of the wings.

Exercise 2.3.8 Fill in the gaps with the necessary form of the words given in brackets.

1. The nacelle anti-ice switches are _____ set AUTO. (CHECK)

2. The EICAS is checked for any _____ messages. (SOLVE)

3. Hot bleed air prevents more ice from ______. (COLLECT)

4. Ice detectors will turn on the anti-ice _____.(AUTOMATE)

5. Ice detectors are _____ near the nose. (LOCATE)

6. The engineer has _____ that the tug is ______ clear. (CONFIRM +MOVE)

7. The engineer makes a final check that the tug has moved away and nothing else is _____ . (MISS)

8. The _____ lockout pin was _____ in the nose wheel assembly. ((STEER+INSERT)

9. The crew request taxi _______ . (CLEAR)

10. A flap display shows the flaps moving to the __________ + _________ . (DESIRE+SET)

11. The wings get bigger, ___________ them to create more lift. (ABLE)

12. Eleven _______ camber flaps are located along the rest of the leading edge. (VARY)

Exercise 2.3.9 In the list below the box find a definition for the given words.

Demand Bleed air De-ice Push-back Steering lockout pin Fuselage Hatch Clearance Camber Tarmac Flap Fiberglass Runway Leading edge Lift

1. a ramp/ apron

2. the edge of a wing which cuts through the air in normal flight

3. the paved area at an airport provided for the take-off and landing of aircraft

4. hot compressed air taken from the engine

5. a high-lift device on the leading and trailing edge of the wing which changes the shape of the wing and generates more lift

6. material made from glass fibers and resin

7. the curve of a wing from leading edge to trailing edge

8. to require smth; to need

9. the upward force generated at right angles to the airflow by the movement of the wing through the air which supports the aircraft in the air

10. the main body of the aircraft which accommodates the passengers, payload and crew

11. to remove ice and snow from the wings and other surfaces of the aircraft

12. movable cover over an opening in an aircraft

13. a procedure when the aircraft is connected to a tug and pushed backwards off stand before engine start

14. a special thing which disables nose wheel steering for added safety while towing or during push back on the ground

15. a permission from Air Traffic Control for a flight to proceed under specific conditions

Exercise 2.3.10 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Со всеми работающими двигателями Гарри проводит послезапуско-вую проверку.

2. Все четыре гидронасоса переключаются в положенеие АВТО.

3. Проверяется автоматическая установка переключателей противообледе-нительной системы гондол двигателей.

4. Системы кондиционирования снова включаются.

5. Система EICAS проверяется на наличие нерешенных задач.

6. Читается контрольный перечень, чтобы удостовериться в выполнении этих жизненно важных пунктов.

7. Если бы имело место обледенение, включилась бы противообле-денительная система для этапов руления, взлета и первоначального набора.

8. Когда включена противо-обледенительная система, стравленный воздух от компрессоров двигателя подается по трубопроводу на переднюю кромку гондолы двигателя.

9. Горячий воздух может растопить любой лед, образующийся на передней кромке гондолы двигателя и предотвращает образование нового льда.

10. После взлета переключатели выставляются в положение АВТО.

11. Детекторы льда, расположенные возле носа воздушного судна, улавливают образование льда на планере и автоматически включают противо-обледенительную систему.

12. Воздушное судно имеет также противо-обледенительную систему крыла.

13. Когда пилоты вручную включают эту систему, горячий воздух от двигателя используется для освобождения от льда передних кромок крыла.

14. Во время запуска двигателей самолет был вытолкнут на широкий простор перрона перед аэровокзалом и повернут носом на северо-восток.

15. Перед воздушным судном находится южная параллельная взлетно-посадочная полоса, а за ней комплекс центрального аэровокзала.

16. Когда самолет останавливается, инженер наземной службы командует воздушному судну встать на тормоза.

17. Командир сообщает о постановке ВС на тормоза и стабилизации работы двигателей.

18. Наземная бригада тратит несколько минут на то, чтобы отцепить тягач.

19. Командир ВС просит у инженера наземной службы разрешение на дальнейшие действия.

20. Инженер докладывает, что все наземное оборудование убрано, люки закрыты и что окончательного сигнала следует ожидать с правой стороны.

21. Инженер по системе внутренней связи подтвердил, что тягач отъезжает и что люки заперты.

22. Инженер отходит от воздушного судна в сторону и, находясь на виду у пилотов, останавливается.

23. Командир сообщает в ответ, что видит инженера с правой стороны.

24. Инженер в последний раз проверяет, что тягач отъехал и что ничего не забыто.

25. Он поднимает жезл с красным флажком, трепещущимся на его конце.

26. Это стопорный палец поворотного хомута, который вставлялся в узел носового колеса, чтобы стойка шасси свободно поворачивалась во время буксировки.

27. Если бы он остался на месте, пилоты не могли бы управлять самолетом во время руления на ВПП.

28. Пилотам необходимо удостовериться, что стопорный палец был убран.

29. Дав последнюю отмашку воздушному судну, инженер отправляет его в путь.

30. Теперь экипажу нужно установить закрылки и запросить разрешение на руление.

31. Командир командует установить закрылки, и Гарри передвигает переключатель на 20°.

32. Изображение закрылка появляется на верхнем дисплее системы EICAS и показывает, что закрылки движутся в желаемом направлении.

33. В этот момент становится понятным, почему у самолета хорошие характеристики движения на земле.

34. Крылья увеличиваются в размере, что позволяет им создавать большую подъемную силу для взлета.

35. Внутренние и внешние трех-щелевые закрылки выдвигаются из задней кромки каждого крыла.

36. Передняя часть крыльев также изменяет свою форму.

37. Боинг 747 имеет 28 закрылков на передней кромке крыла.

38. Три Крюгеровских закрылка, похожих на плоские панели, отклоняются от нижней части каждого крыла между фюзеляжем и внутренним двигателем.

39. Одиннадцать закрылков с изменяющейся кривизной расположены на остальной части передней кромки.

40. Изготовленные из оргстекла, эти закрылки на самом деле изгибаются, когда они выдвигаются из убранного положения для того, чтобы обеспечить лучшие показатели подъемной силы.

41. Приспособления на ведущей кромке выдвигаются, чтобы увеличить как размер, так и кривизну крыльев для улучшения подъемной силы при малых скоростях.

Exercise 2.3.11 Make up your own sentences using the folowing words and word combinations.

Unresolved messages; vital; melt; ice; manually; tarmac; in clear view; amiss; curve; improve; lift.

Exercise 2.3.12 Retell the text.