2.2. Start up

Exercise 2.2.1 Read and translate the text using the word list.

First officer intercom: Hello ground, it’s going to be an auto start on four and three.

Ground engineer intercom: Cleared to start.

The secondary engine indications are displayed on the lower EICAS screen for the start. The air-conditioning packs are selected OFF to ease the load on the APU (auxiliary power unit) which will supply the compressed air needed to spin the engines into action.

Until now, the four Rolls-Royce engines hanging on the wings have been quiet, their front fan blades turning silently in the wind. Now it is time for them to go to work. Harry pulls open the start valves for engines 3 and 4 on the overhead panel, then moves the respective fuel control switches, located behind the throttles, forward to the RUN position. With auto start selected, the electronic controls take over the job of bringing each engine to life. They fill the ramp with the whine of spinning turbines and the smell of hot exhaust. These engines can produce 60,000 lb (pounds) of thrust apiece. Compressed air from the APU is used to spin a starter turbine which rotates the high-pressure rotor in each engine core. The No.3 rotor spins faster and faster, drawing air into the engine, causing the other compressor blades to turn. When No.3 is spinning at 25% of its maximum rpm and No.2 has reached 10%, fuel is sprayed into the compressed air in the combustion chambers. Igniters spark, setting this potent mixture alight. The superheated gases expand enormously and as they race out of the back of the engine, they pass through a series of turbines which turn the compressor blades, drawing yet more air into the intake.

The electronic engine controls will handle most abnormal conditions, such as a “hot start”, when temperatures might otherwise exceed limits or a “hung start”, when the engine refuses to accelerate to idle speed. The only task for the crew is to monitor the auto start process and confirm a rise in oil pressure in each engine. In less than two minutes, the engines on the right wing are at idle power. The pilots confirm the engine indications are normal. Harry advises, “Auto-starting 1 and 2”. Minutes later, they are up and running as well.

Exercise 2.2.2 Answer the questions.

1. Where are the secondary engine indications displayed?

2. Why are air-conditioning packs selected OFF?

3. What will the APU supply?

4. What for is the compressed air needed?

5. Where are the engines hanging?

6. Why have the front fan blades been turning silently?

7. What does Harry pull open?

8. Does he open the valves for engines No.1 and No.2?

9. What does Harry move forward after that?

10. Where are these control switches located?

11. What job do the electronic controls take over with auto start selected?

12. Why is the ramp filled with the whine?

13. What smell is there in the air?

14. How much power can each of the jumbo’s engines produce?

15. What does a starter turbine do?

16. What causes the other compressor blades to turn?

17. When is fuel sprayed into the combustion chambers?

18. What sets the fuel-and-air mixture alight?

19. Do the superheated gases compress or expand?

20. Do the gases go out of the engines immediately?

21. What do they also do while turning the compressor blades?

22. Which devices can handle the abnormal conditions?

23. Which abnormal conditions are mentioned in the text?

24. What are the main tasks of the crew at this phase of the departure?

25. What do the terms “idle power” and “idle speed” mean?

Exercise 2.2.3 Are the following statements true (√) or false (×)? Correct the false ones.

1. The primary engine indications are displayed on the upper EICAS screen.

2. The air-conditioning packs are selected ON.

3. The auxiliary power unit will supply the compressed air needed to spin the engines into action.

4. The front fan blades of the engines are turning noisily in the wind.

5. Harry pulls open the start valves for engines 3 and 4.

6. The fuel control switches for engines 3 and 4 are located in front of the throttles.

7. Harry moves the fuel control switches back to the RUN position.

8. The electronic controls bring each engine to life.

9. The engines fill the ramp with the whine of spinning turbines and the smell of hot exhaust.

10. The engines can produce 50, 000 pounds of thrust each.

11. Compressed air from the APU is used to ventilate the cabin.

12. The No.3 rotor spins faster and faster, drawing air into the engine,

13. Fuel is sprayed into the compressed air in the combustion chambers when No.2 and No.3 have reached their maximum rpm.

14. Igniters set the air and fuel mixture alight.

15. The superheated gases on their way out pass through a series of turbines which turn the compressor blades drawing more air into the intake.

16. The superheated gases expand enormously and race out of the front of the engine.

17. The electronic engine controls can handle most abnormal conditions, except a “hot start” and a “hung start”.

18. The term “hot start” means the situation when temperatures might reduce below limits.

19. The term “hung start” means the situation when the engine refuses to accelerate to idle speed.

20. The only task for the crew is to monitor the auto start process and confirm a reduction in oil pressure in each engine.

21. In less than five minutes, the engines on the right wing are at idle power.

22. The pilots confirm the engine indications are normal.

23. A few minutes later the engines No.1 and No.2 are up and running.

Exercise 2.2.4 Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations.

Лопасть вентилятора; камера внутреннего сгорания; перегретый; нештатный; ускорять; установка кондиционирования воздуха; воздухозаборник; клапан; на каждый/ поштучно; брать на себя контроль; вспомогательный пусковой агрегат; дроссель; оживить что-либо; втягивать; внутренний контур двигателя; превышать; расширяться; выхлоп газов; горячий запуск; режим малого газа; число оборотов при малом газе; запальное устройство; мчаться; соответственный; подниматься; вращаться; обороты в минуту; воспламенять что-либо; искра; вращаться вокруг продольной оси; тяга; завывать; распылять/разбрызгивать.

Exercise 2.2.5 What do the following abbreviations stand for?

EICAS RPM OFF APU

Exercise 2.2.6 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and expressions.

Provide; choose; auxiliary; lighten; burden; show; necessary; on fire; overheated; sequence; rush; inlet; swell; make; each; quick; generate; pull; turn; revive; place; corresponding; quicken; may; inform; surpass.

Exercise 2.2.7 Match the word combinations and expressions in column A with those in column B.

A	B
1. compressed air 2. auto start 3. air-conditioning pack 4. fuel control switch 5. bring smth to life 6. start valve 7. abnormal condition 8. hot start 9. hung start 10.idle power 11.combustion chamber 12.compressor blade 13.engine core 14.auxiliary power unit 15.high-pressure rotor	a. лопатка компрессора b. оживить что-либо c. режим малого газа d. зависший запуск e. камера внутреннего сгорания f. установка кондиционир. воздуха g. вспомогат. пусковой агрегат h. внутренний контур двигателя i. переключатель контроля топлива j. нештатная ситуация k. ротор высокого давления l. клапан запуска m. горячий запуск n. автозапуск o. сжатый воздух

Exercise 2.2.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1. The secondary engine indications are _____ (printed, displayed, put in) on the lower EICAS screen for the start.

2. The four engines _____ (hanging, switching, moving) on the wings are quiet.

3. Harry moves the fuel control switches forward to the RUN _____ (place, space, position).

4. The _____ (electric, electronic, electrical) controls take over the job of bringing each engine to life.

5. The engines fill the _____ (ramp, hangar, terminal) with the whine of spinning turbines.

6. The engines can _____ (make, manufacture, produce) 60,000 pounds of thrust apiece.

7. The No.3 rotor _____ (spins, moves, runs) faster and faster.

8. The rotor _____ (lets, makes, causes) the compressor blades to turn.

9. Fuel is ____ (mixed, sprayed, drawn) into the compressed air.

10. The _____ (superheated, supercooled, superfrozen) gases expand enormously.

11. The electronic engine controls _____ (deal, handle, solve) most abnormal conditions.

12. The “hung start” is a condition when the engine refuses to ______ (accelerate, start, stop).

13. The “hot start” is a condition when temperatures may exceed ____ (boundaries, borders, limits).

14. The engines are at _____ (empty, idle, running) power.

15. The pilots _____ (confirm, affirm, verify) the engine indications are normal.

Exercise 2.2.9 Fill in the gaps with the necessary form of the words given in brackets.

1. The ____ engine indications are displayed on the lower EICAS screen. (SECOND)

2. The air- _____ packs are ______ OFF. (CONDITION + SELECT)

3. Harry moves the ______ fuel control switches. (RESPECT)

4. The fuel control switches are _____ behind the throttles. (LOCATE)

5. The engines fill the ramp with the whine of _____ turbines and the smell of hot exhaust. (SPIN)

6. ____ air from the APU is ____ to spin a starter turbine. (COMPRESS + USE)

7. Minutes later, the engines are up and ______. (RUN)

8. The electronic engine controls will handle most _____ conditions. (NORM)

9. The task for the crew is to monitor the auto start process and confirm a rise in oil _____ in each engine. (PRESS)

10. Four Rolls-Royce engines are _____ on the wings. (HANG)

11. The electronic controls take over the job of _____ each engine to life. (BRING)

12. The ground engineer said, “_____ to start”. (CLEAR)

13. The front fan blades are _____ silently in the wind. (TURN)

14. These engines can produce 60,000 lb (pounds) of thrust _____. (PIECE)

15. The No.3 rotor spins faster and faster, ______ air into the engine, _____ the other compressor blades to turn. (DRAW + CAUSE)

Exercise 2.2.10 In the list below the box find a definition for the given words.

Compressor Confirm Limit Secondary Exceed Air-conditioning pack Crew Blade Igniter Valve Spray Superheated Abnormal

1. of less importance, dependant

2. send out liquid in tiny drops

3. a device causing something to catch fire

4. a flat wide part of a fan or a propeller

5. different from what is ordinary or expected

6. a group of people working together on an aircraft

7. heated more than is wanted or needed

8. a machine that compresses air or other gases

9. go beyond what is allowed, necessary or advisable

10. a mechanical device for controlling the flow of air, liquid or gas in one direction only

11. a system controlling humidity and temperature of the air inside the aircraft

12. establish the truth or correctness of something

13. a boundary beyond which something is not allowed to extend

Exercise 2.2.11 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Показатели работы вспомогательного двигателя отражаются на экране.

2. Установки кондиционирования воздуха отключаются для уменьшения нагрузки на вспомогательную силовую установку.

3. Вспомогательная силовая установка подает сжатый воздух, необходимый, чтобы запустить двигатели.

4. До сих пор четыре двигателя, подвешенные на крыльях, не работали.

5. Передние лопатки вентилятора бесшумно поворачивались на ветру.

6. Гарри открывает клапаны запуска двигателей и передвигает соответствующие топливные переключатели в рабочее положение.

7. Топливные переключатели размещаются позади дросселей.

8. Электронная система управления берет на себя задачу оживления двигателей.

9. Двигатели заполняют перрон завыванием вращающихся турбин и запахом выхлопных газов.

10. Двигатели самолета могут развивать тягу в 60 000 фунтов каждый.

11. Сжатый воздух от вспомогательной силовой установки используется для вращения стартовой турбины.

12. Стартовая турбина вращает ротор высокого давления во внутреннем контуре каждого двигателя

13. Ротор двигателя № 3 вращается все быстрее, затягивая воздух в двигатель и заставляя поворачиваться другие лопатки компрессора.

14. Когда ротор двигателя № 3 вращается со скоростью в 25% от максимального количества оборотов, а ротор двигателя № 2 достигает 10% от этого показателя, топливо впрыскивается в сжатый воздух в камерах внутреннего сгорания.

15. Запальные устройства дают искру, воспламеняя эту мощную смесь.

16. Перегретые газы очень сильно расширяются.

17. Когда перегретые газы вырываются из задней части двигателя, они проходят через ряд турбин, которые вращают лопатки компрессора, затягивая еще больше воздуха во входное отверстие.

18. Электронная система управления двигателем справится с большинством нештатных ситуаций.

19. При так называемом “горячем” запуске температуры могут превысить предельные значения.

20. В ситуации “зависшего” запуска двигатель отказывается ускоряться до режима малого газа.

21. Единственная задача экипажа – это отслеживать процесс автозапуска.

22. Задачей экипажа является также необходимость удостовериться в увеличении давления масла в каждом двигателе.

23. Меньше, чем через две минуты двигатели на правом крыле работают в режиме малого газа.

24. Пилоты убеждаются в том, что показатели работы двигателя нормальные.

25. Гарри сообщает об автозапуске двигателей № 1 и № 2.

26. Еще через несколько минут они включаются и тоже приходят в рабочий режим.

Exercise 2.2.12 Make up your own sentences using the following words and word combinations.

Ease the load on; spin the engines into action; respective; bringing smth to life; compressed air; cause; compressor blades; expand; abnormal conditions; exceed limits; idle power.

Exercise 2.2.13Retell the text.