- •Vocabulary 253
- •Information for study
- •If it keeps up, man atrophy all his limbs but the push-button finger.
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Check up your understanding.
- •3. Retell the text briefly using the following expressions:
- •4. What's missing? You can help yourself referring to the text.
- •5. Rearrange the words and get the right sentences.
- •6. Put the letters in order to make words, then use the words to complete the sentences.
- •7. There are two words given in each item. You must explain
- •8. Give the opposites of the following words.
- •9. Give the synonyms of the following words:
- •10. What verbs frequently precede these words?
- •11. Supply the articles where necessary:
- •12. Translate into English:
- •13. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
- •Who can express the most precise meaning of the word? Are you getting on well with your English? Try to do your best!
- •14. Fairly and rather
- •1. Match the words given in the left column with their definitions in the right column, e.G. 1-21:
- •2. Invent sentences using the expressions from the list below:
- •3. Reading comprehension
- •Computer terms in use
- •If it’s beyond your reach, give Russian explanations at least.
- •Information for study
- •We live in a time when automation is ushering in a second industrial revolution.
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Are you an experienced person?
- •3. Retell the text briefly using the following words and expressions:
- •4. What’s missing? You can help yourself referring to the text.
- •5. Rearrange the words and get the right sentences.
- •6. Put the letters in order to make words, then use the words to complete the sentences.
- •11. Supply the articles where necessary:
- •12. Translate into English.
- •13. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •Identification of words.
- •4. Computer terms in use
- •1. Read and try to understand the given above text.
- •2. No doubt, a person who is willing to establish a new business must have certain skills, such as:
- •Phrasal verbs
- •If there is a possibility of several things going wrong, the one that will cause the most damage will be the one to go wrong.
- •If anything just cannot go wrong, it will anyway.
- •If everything seems to go well, you have obviously overlooked something.
- •Information for study
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Check up your understanding. Give full answers:
- •3. Retell the text briefly using the following expressions and terms:
- •4. What’s missing? If you are in doubt refer to the text.
- •5. Rearrange the words and get the right sentences:
- •6. Put the letters in order to make words, then use the words to complete the sentences:
- •12. Translate into English:
- •13. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
- •If you’re in doubt we can help you.
- •He did his best and won the prize.
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •1. Identification of words
- •2. Useful expressions
- •Invent sentences using the expressions from the left column:
- •3. Reading comprehension
- •4. Computer terms in use
- •If it is beyond your grasp give at least Russian explanation:
- •Information for study
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •Fig. 1 Basic Computer Architecture
- •Moor’s law
- •1. Information for study
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •Inflation
- •Infidelity
- •1. Information for study
- •If builders built buildings the way the programmers wrote programs, the first woodpecker to come along would destroy civilization.
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Check up your understanding. Give full answers:
- •3. Retell the text briefly using the following terms and expressions:
- •4. What is missing? If you are in doubt refer to the text. Take it into account that in each item the first letter of the missing word is used:
- •5. Rearrange the words and get the right sentences:
- •6. Supply the preposition if one is missing. If necessary refer to the text:
- •12. Translate into English.
- •13. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •Identification of words
- •2. Useful expressions
- •3. Phrasal verbs
- •If necessary use the dictionary at the end of this book.
- •4. Reading comprehension
- •5. Computer terms in use
- •Read and try to understand the given above text.
- •What’s your opinion concerning software piracy? Will it exist always?
- •It is a rather pleasant experience to be alone in a bank at night.
- •1. Information for study
- •Information.
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Check up your understanding. Give full answers.
- •3. Retell the text briefly using the fallowing expressions and terms:
- •4. What’s missing? If you are in doubt refer to the text. Take it into account that in each item the first letter of the missed word is used.
- •5. Rearrange the words and get the right sentences.
- •6. Supply the preposition if one is missing.
- •12. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •Identification of words
- •Useful expressions
- •Invent sentences using the following expressions and words:
- •Reading comprehension
- •4. Each sentence contains a word that is wrong.
- •5. Fill the gaps with the appropriate word. Then refer to the text.
- •Give the explanation to the following acronyms and abbreviations (p. 223 will help you):
- •Multimedia
- •Programming languages and functions
- •Real-Time Communication
- •I give myself sometimes admirable advice, but I’m incapable of taking it.
- •Inject a few raisins of conversation into the tasteless dough of existence.
- •It is a human zoo.
- •I’ve had three wives, six children, six grandchildren, and I still don’t understand women.
- •Vittorio Gassman
- •I prefer the company of women. I’m buzzed by the female mystique.
- •If Restaurants Function Like Microsoft
- •I don’t know why women want any of the things men have when one of the things that women have is men.
- •Fairly, rather
- •Vocabulary training
- •1. Match the words with their definitions:
- •3. Reading comprehension
- •Vocabulary training
- •1. Identification of words
- •3. Reading comprehension
- •4. Computer terms in use
- •Do and make
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •1. Identification of words
- •2. Reading comprehension
- •4. Computer terms in use
- •Vocabulary training
- •Verb study practice
- •Vocabulary training
- •Vocabulary training
- •Vocabulary training
- •Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language.
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Funk, n. Lewis
- •Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary Of the English Language
4. Each sentence contains a word that is wrong.
Correct these mistakes and than refer to the text.
At the end of the 20th century an explosion of indirect connections to the Internet occurred.
At the beginning research was the main goal of the Internet.
A lot of people connected to the Internet and the large minority were home connections.
Computers are dispensable tools for computation, typing, and communications.
Engineers can share results between the geographically dispersed team members.
People are irresponsible for the documents they author and make available publicity on the Web.
If you are willing to find unnecessary information over the Internet you must use browser.
A Web server is a program that, before receipt of a request, sends the document requested back.
Every browser has the guilt-in ability to understand the HTTP.
Search Engines help you to dislocate documents.
5. Fill the gaps with the appropriate word. Then refer to the text.
External modem is outside your computer and must be …. into it.
Modem …. digital data back and forth for use with analog phone line.
A …. is either a workstation or a mainframe because it handles far greater loads than ordinary desktop.
With the help of …. you can send or receive electronic messages from anyone on the Internet.
The …. of computation and communications is making essential changes to business activities.
…. Is used to find the necessary information on the Internet.
…. combines hypertext and multimedia.
Give the explanation to the following acronyms and abbreviations (p. 223 will help you):
-
LAN
WAN
MODEM
WWW
FTP
HTTP
HTML
URL
4. A bit of reading practice
The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface.
Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the Web. Internet protocols are sets of rules that allow for intermachine communication on the Internet. The following major protocols are accessible on the Web:
E-mail (Simple Mail Transport Protocol or SMTP) Distributes electronic messages and files to one or more electronic mailboxes.
Telnet (Telnet Protocol) Facilitates login to a computer host to execute commands.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Transfers text or binary files between an FTP server and client.
Usenet (Network News Transfer Protocol or NNTP)
Distributes Usenet news articles derived from topical discussions on newsgroups.
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) transmits hyptertext over networks.
Other protocols are also available on the Web e.g., the Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) allows users to place a telephone call over the Web. The World Wide Web provides a single interface for accessing all these protocols.
This creates a convenient and user-friendly environment. It is not necessary to be conversant in these protocols within separate, command-level environments. The Web gathers these protocols into a system and is the fastest-growing component of the Internet (taking into account its ability to work with multimedia and advanced programming languages).
Hypertext. The operation of the Web relies primarily on hypertext as its means of information retrieval. HyperText is a document containing words that connect to other documents. These words are called links and are selectable by the user. A single hypertext document can contain links to many documents. In the context of the Web, words or graphics may serve as links to other documents, images, video, and sound. Hence, the WWW contains a complex virtual web of connections among a huge amount of documents, graphics, videos, and sounds.
Producing hypertext for the Web is accomplished by creating documents with a language called HyperText Markup Language, or HTML. With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links. Graphics may also be incorporated into an HTML document. HTML is an evolving language, with new tags being added as each upgrade of the language is developed and released.
Pages on the Web. The World Wide Web consists of files, called pages or Web pages, containing information and links to resources throughout the Internet.
Web pages can be created by user activity. For example, if you visit a Web search engine and enter keywords on the topic of your choice, a page will be created containing the results of your search.
Access to Web pages may be accomplished by:
Entering an Internet address and retrieving a page directly.
Browsing through pages and selecting links to move from one page to another.
Searching through subject directories linked to organized collections of Web pages.
Entering a search statement at a search engine to retrieve pages on the topic of your choice.
The URL, retrieving documents on the Web. URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. The URL specifies the Internet address of a file stored on a host computer connected to the Internet. Every file on the Internet, no matter what its access protocol, has a unique URL. Web software programs use the URL to retrieve the file from the host computer and the directory in which it resides. This file is then displayed on the user’s Monitor.
URLs are translated into numeric addresses using the Internet Domain Name System (DNS). The numeric address is actually the «real» URL. The URL structure.
This is the format of the URL:
protocol: //host/path/filename
For example, this is a URL on the home page of the House Committee on Agriculture of the U.S. House of Representatives:
http: //www.house.gov/agriculture/schedule.htm
This URL is typical of addresses hosted in domains in the United States. Structure of this URL:
Protocol: http
Host computer name: www
Second-level domain name: house
Top-level domain name: gov
Directory name: agrictulture
File name: schedule.htm
Web browsers. To access the World Wide Web, you must use a Web browser. A browser is a software program that allows users to access and navigate the World Wide Web. There are two types of browsers:
Graphical: Text, images, audio, and video are retrievable through a graphical software program such as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. Navigation is accomplished by pointing and clicking with a mouse on highlighted words and graphics.
Text: Lynx is a browser that provides access to the Web in text-only mode. Navigation is accomplished by highlighting emphasized words in the screen with the arrow up and down keys, and then pressing the forward arrow (or Enter) key to follow the link.
Plug-ins extend the browser. Software programs may be configured to a Web browser in order to enhance its capabilities. When the browser encounters a sound, image or video file, it hands off the data to other programs, called plug-ins, to run or display the file. Working with plug-ins, browsers can offer a seamless multimedia experience.
File formats requiring plug-ins are known as MIME types (Multimedia Internet Mail Extension). The basic MIME type handled by Web browsers is text / html associated with the file extension.html.
A common plug-in utilized on the Web is the Adobe Acrobat Reader. The Acrobat Reader allows you to view documents created in Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF). These documents are the MIME type application / pdf and are associated with the file extension .pdf. When the Acrobat Reader has been configured to your browser, the program will open and display the file requested when you click on a hyperlinked file name with the suffix.pdf.
Web browsers are often standardized with a small suite of plug-ins, especially for playing multimedia content. Once a plug-in is configured to your browser, it will automatically launch when you choose to access a file type that it uses.
ActiveX is a technology developed by Microsoft which may make plug-ins less necessary. ActiveX offers the opportunity to embed animated objects, data, and computer code on Web pages. A web browser supporting ActiveX can render most items encountered on a Web page. For example, Active X allows users to view three-dimensional VRML worlds in a Web browser without the use of a VRML plug-in. As another example of the power of ActiveX, this technology can allow you to view and edit PowerPoint presentations directly within your Web browser. ActiveX works best with Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser.
Today's World Wide Web presents an ever-diversified experience of multimedia, programming languages, and real-time communication. There is no question that it is a challenge to keep up with the rapid pace of developments. The following presents a brief description of some of the more important trends to watch.