- •Vocabulary 253
- •Information for study
- •If it keeps up, man atrophy all his limbs but the push-button finger.
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Check up your understanding.
- •3. Retell the text briefly using the following expressions:
- •4. What's missing? You can help yourself referring to the text.
- •5. Rearrange the words and get the right sentences.
- •6. Put the letters in order to make words, then use the words to complete the sentences.
- •7. There are two words given in each item. You must explain
- •8. Give the opposites of the following words.
- •9. Give the synonyms of the following words:
- •10. What verbs frequently precede these words?
- •11. Supply the articles where necessary:
- •12. Translate into English:
- •13. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
- •Who can express the most precise meaning of the word? Are you getting on well with your English? Try to do your best!
- •14. Fairly and rather
- •1. Match the words given in the left column with their definitions in the right column, e.G. 1-21:
- •2. Invent sentences using the expressions from the list below:
- •3. Reading comprehension
- •Computer terms in use
- •If it’s beyond your reach, give Russian explanations at least.
- •Information for study
- •We live in a time when automation is ushering in a second industrial revolution.
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Are you an experienced person?
- •3. Retell the text briefly using the following words and expressions:
- •4. What’s missing? You can help yourself referring to the text.
- •5. Rearrange the words and get the right sentences.
- •6. Put the letters in order to make words, then use the words to complete the sentences.
- •11. Supply the articles where necessary:
- •12. Translate into English.
- •13. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •Identification of words.
- •4. Computer terms in use
- •1. Read and try to understand the given above text.
- •2. No doubt, a person who is willing to establish a new business must have certain skills, such as:
- •Phrasal verbs
- •If there is a possibility of several things going wrong, the one that will cause the most damage will be the one to go wrong.
- •If anything just cannot go wrong, it will anyway.
- •If everything seems to go well, you have obviously overlooked something.
- •Information for study
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Check up your understanding. Give full answers:
- •3. Retell the text briefly using the following expressions and terms:
- •4. What’s missing? If you are in doubt refer to the text.
- •5. Rearrange the words and get the right sentences:
- •6. Put the letters in order to make words, then use the words to complete the sentences:
- •12. Translate into English:
- •13. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
- •If you’re in doubt we can help you.
- •He did his best and won the prize.
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •1. Identification of words
- •2. Useful expressions
- •Invent sentences using the expressions from the left column:
- •3. Reading comprehension
- •4. Computer terms in use
- •If it is beyond your grasp give at least Russian explanation:
- •Information for study
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •Fig. 1 Basic Computer Architecture
- •Moor’s law
- •1. Information for study
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •Inflation
- •Infidelity
- •1. Information for study
- •If builders built buildings the way the programmers wrote programs, the first woodpecker to come along would destroy civilization.
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Check up your understanding. Give full answers:
- •3. Retell the text briefly using the following terms and expressions:
- •4. What is missing? If you are in doubt refer to the text. Take it into account that in each item the first letter of the missing word is used:
- •5. Rearrange the words and get the right sentences:
- •6. Supply the preposition if one is missing. If necessary refer to the text:
- •12. Translate into English.
- •13. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •Identification of words
- •2. Useful expressions
- •3. Phrasal verbs
- •If necessary use the dictionary at the end of this book.
- •4. Reading comprehension
- •5. Computer terms in use
- •Read and try to understand the given above text.
- •What’s your opinion concerning software piracy? Will it exist always?
- •It is a rather pleasant experience to be alone in a bank at night.
- •1. Information for study
- •Information.
- •1. Read and translate the text.
- •2. Check up your understanding. Give full answers.
- •3. Retell the text briefly using the fallowing expressions and terms:
- •4. What’s missing? If you are in doubt refer to the text. Take it into account that in each item the first letter of the missed word is used.
- •5. Rearrange the words and get the right sentences.
- •6. Supply the preposition if one is missing.
- •12. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •Identification of words
- •Useful expressions
- •Invent sentences using the following expressions and words:
- •Reading comprehension
- •4. Each sentence contains a word that is wrong.
- •5. Fill the gaps with the appropriate word. Then refer to the text.
- •Give the explanation to the following acronyms and abbreviations (p. 223 will help you):
- •Multimedia
- •Programming languages and functions
- •Real-Time Communication
- •I give myself sometimes admirable advice, but I’m incapable of taking it.
- •Inject a few raisins of conversation into the tasteless dough of existence.
- •It is a human zoo.
- •I’ve had three wives, six children, six grandchildren, and I still don’t understand women.
- •Vittorio Gassman
- •I prefer the company of women. I’m buzzed by the female mystique.
- •If Restaurants Function Like Microsoft
- •I don’t know why women want any of the things men have when one of the things that women have is men.
- •Fairly, rather
- •Vocabulary training
- •1. Match the words with their definitions:
- •3. Reading comprehension
- •Vocabulary training
- •1. Identification of words
- •3. Reading comprehension
- •4. Computer terms in use
- •Do and make
- •3. Vocabulary training
- •1. Identification of words
- •2. Reading comprehension
- •4. Computer terms in use
- •Vocabulary training
- •Verb study practice
- •Vocabulary training
- •Vocabulary training
- •Vocabulary training
- •Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language.
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Funk, n. Lewis
- •Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary Of the English Language
12. Translate into English.
В начале своего развития использование компьютеров ограничивалось научными и инженерными применениями.
До 1970 г. IBM ориентировало программное обеспечение на различные компьютеры и продавало их в комплекте.
К тому моменту, когда первый персональный компьютер появился на рынке, существовали хорошо развитые компьютерные языки и грамотные программисты способные создавать новые программы.
При включении компьютера операционная система загружается автоматически и может активизировать другие программы.
Утилиты расширяют возможности операционной системы, добавляя ей дополнительные функции.
Несмотря на то, что выход новых программ обработки текста расширяло возможности этой категории программного обеспечения, пользователи разочаровывались, поскольку то, что они видели на экране, не соответствовало тому, что было после печати на принтере.
Программы обработки текста не только оперировали словами, но обладали возможностями иллюстрирования и графики.
Первые компьютерные игры преследовали, в основном, образовательные цели.
Компьютерные игры стали популярными, когда стало возможным получение цветовой гаммы с высоким разрешением, а скорость процессоров стала большой.
Интернет оказал существенное влияние на доступность программного обеспечения для пользователя.
13. Are you up to giving a right explanation?
Look for an appropriate statement in this book or make up your own and let’s play this game.
Reference of multimeaning grammar items (just for your background). To have or not to have…
1
Everyone knows that as an auxiliary verb to have is used to form the Present (I have done) and Past Perfect (I had done) Tenses.
The Present Perfect tense is a sort of a mixture between present and past. It implies a strong connection with the present and is widely used.
Mistakes are dispensable. Hence, it’s better to recollect how to use this tense:
If you want to mention something that happened in the past but you don’t want to state when it happened (maybe you don’t know) you use the Present Perfect:
I have bought a new computer.
Compare with: I bought a computer yesterday.
Possible answers to the question in the present perfect:
Have you seen this film?
Yes, I have.
Or
I saw it yesterday.
Very often actions in the Present perfect have results in the present:
I have lost my pen. (Probably I have no pen.)
Our lift has broken down. (We use stairs.)
Actions expressed by the Present Perfect + yet usually have results in the present:
He has not come yet. (We are still waiting.)
On the contrary, actions expressed by the Simple Past without a time expression do not normally have results in the present:
Our lift broke down. (It’s probably working now.)
The Present Perfect (+just, already) is used to describe recently completed actions:
I have just eaten.
We have already finished our homework.
The Present Perfect is used for the actions that occurred in the past and can be repeated in the present:
Mr. Jones has written several plays.
It implies that Mr. Jones is still alive and can write more. Hence, Lord Byron wrote many poems.
The Present Perfect is used for actions occurring in an incomplete period. An incomplete period may be expressed by today, this morning, this afternoon, this evening, this week, this month, this year etc.
The Present Perfect is used with this morning up to 1 o’clock. After that the Simple Past is used. E.g. the postman comes to you every day in the morning; it is 11 a. m. You ask, «Has the postman come?». At 2 p.m. you ask, «Did the postman come?»
As afternoon ends at 5 p. m., at 3 p. m. you ask, «Have you seen Sam this afternoon?» But at 7 p. m. you ask, «Did you see Sam this afternoon?»
Lately and recently also indicate an incomplete period of time:
He has had a lot of trouble recently.
But if recently is used with the Simple Past it means a short time ago:
He went out recently = He went out a short time ago.
The Present Perfect can be used with ever, never, always, occasionally, often, several times etc. and also with since + a point of time:
I have not seen Jack since July.
I have never smoked.
The Present Perfect is used when a sentence begins with This is the first (second, third) time:
This is the first time I’ve been to London.
This is the third time I’ve driven a car.
The Present Perfect continuous is used for an action which began in the past and is still continuing:
We have been waiting for him for 30 minutes. Let’s go now.
Don’t forget about a number of verbs which are not normally used in the continuous form (except certain cases). The verb want is often used in this tense:
Thanks so much for this book. I have been wanting it for ages.
The Present Perfect continuous tense does not exist in the passive.
An action which began in the past and is still continuing with certain verbs can be expressed by either the Present Perfect Simple or the Present perfect continuous. Among these verbs are: live and work:
How long have you been living in London? Or
How long have you lived in London?
The Past Perfect is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect and is used when the narrator looks back on earlier action from a certain point in the past: I had just started to do my homework when Tom dropped in.
2
Have to
As it is known the verb must expresses an obligation imposed by the speaker:
Teacher: You must do all the exercises. Otherwise you’ll get in trouble.
Have to implies an external obligation:
Sam has to use his old computer because he has no money for acquiring a new CPU and motherboard.
In the first person the difference between must and have to is less important.
3
Have + object + present participle
The expressions of such type are often used with a period of future time:
I’ll have you speaking English in one year, which means that you will speak English as a result of my efforts.
It can be also used for future and past:
The teacher had them all studying.
Which means that the teacher persuaded them to study.
This expression can be used in the interrogative but not often in the negative.
4
Have + object + past participle
This construction can be used to express situations like:
I employed someone to do something.
For example instead of saying
I employed a professional to mend my TV set
it’s possible to say
I had my TV set mended.
Take it into account that this construction is frozen. If you change the order of the words you’ll change the meaning of the statement, e.g.:
I had mended my TV set
means that you mended it yourself.
This construction can be used to replace a passive verb. For example instead of saying
His car was stolen before he had a chance to drive
you can say
He had his car stolen before he had a chance to drive.
When ‘have’ is used in this way the negative and interrogative are formed with the help of ‘do’.
5
Besides ‘to posses’ the verb to have has several different meanings. Here are some of them, e.g.:
accept: He wanted to marry her, but she wouldn’t have him.
know, understand: He has no English.
deceive, cheat (colloq.): The gambler had him.
people with or without wealth or privilege: There are haves and have-nots.
assert: Rumor has it that she is going to be married.
tolerate: I won’t have you to behave that way.
cause to be done: Have your haircut.
6
To have as a phrasal verb:
have in (invite): We are having the Smiths in for dinner today.
have on:
wear: He had nothing on.
be engaged in doing: He has a lot on today, but tomorrow he’ll be free;
deceive, cheat, mislead (fam): They must have been having you on.
have out: Stop having me on, please!
have removed or extracted: He had his tooth out yesterday.
discuss, argue towards a conclusion: They had it all out yesterday.
I must have the matter out with them.
have up (invite): I had them up for coffee last night.
7
Well, try to remember now several useful expressions and idioms with have:
Have an eye for – have good taste in
He has an eye for good English usage.
She has an eye for style in clothes.
Have eyes only for – want nothing else but, give all attention to
All the girls liked Tom, but he had eyes only for Ann.
Have a screw loose (slang) – to be foolish, to act in a strange way
Now I really know he has a screw loose.
Have got it made – to be successful
With your excellent education and quick wit you’ve got it made.
Have + noun is often used in the sense of performing certain activity: have a dance, have a look, have a rest, have a fight, have a talk, have a wash, have a swim:
Have a look at our place.
You’re exhausted. You must have a rest.
We had a nice talk with Jim yesterday.
Sam had a dance with Mary.
8
Had better + bare infinitive
It’s a sort of advise or wish:
We had better go means that it would be better for us to go.
You had better is an advice form:
You had better stop smoking.
In indirect speech had better remains unchanged. With the second person it can be reported by advise:
He said, «You had better go by train».
Two possible versions:
He said I had better go by train.
He advised me to go by train.
Had rather + bare infinitive means prefer.
I had much rather he come tomorrow.