Active Agent And/Or Passive Victim

The three major psychological views of man - the behaviouristic, the psy­choanalytic, and the humanistic - differ most importantly on the issue of wheth­er man is to be conceived primarily passive or active. There two positions are often referred to as the "pull" and "push" theories of motivation. The pull theory finds most of man's motivation in the environment, in external forces as rewards and punishments; the push theory finds most of man's motivation from within the individual, in internal forces represented by urges and growth tendencies. All three viewpoints recognize that man is both an active agent and a passive victim of motivational forces. The key difference is how man is seen primarily. If placed on a continuum from passivity to activity, the order of the tree viewpoints would be behaviourism, psychoanalysis, and humanism. In the humanistic model there is a wholehearted belief that we will learn far more about man if we view him as an active agent rather than as a passive victim of external forces. The other two models of man, however, are gradually placing more emphasis on the importance of man as the single most important determiner of his behaviour in order to explain how so much of human behaviour is initiated by man.

Unit 7 Careers in Psychology

Цель – формирование представлений студентов о профессии психолога, использование знания иностранного языка в профессиональной деятельности и профессиональной коммуникации.

Key words

1. career 2. treat 3. intelligence 4. observation 5. experimentation 6. analysis 7. invent 8. practitioner 9. reduce stress 10. disaster 11. victim 12. bystander 13. recover 14. flexibility 15. schedule 16. skill 17. interpret data 18. experience 19. care for 20. mental disorder

карьера лечить интеллект, ум наблюдение эксперимент анализ изобретать практик уменьшать стресс катастрофа, несчастье жертва свидетель, очевидец восстанавливаться, приходить в себя, выздоравливать гибкость, приспособляемость расписание, план навык, умение интерпретировать данные опыт (жизненный) заботиться о психическое нарушение, психическое расстройство

Text

There are many careers in psychology. Psychology includes both research, through which we learn fundamental things about human and animal behaviour, and practice, through which that knowledge is applied in helping people to solve problems. Psychology is an extremely varied field. Psychologists conduct research, serve as consultants, diagnose and treat people, and teach future psychologists and other types of students. They test intelligence and personality.

As scientists, psychologists use scientific methods of observation, experimentation and analysis. But psychologists also need to be creative in the way they apply scientific findings.

Psychologists are frequently innovators, inventing new approaches to people and societies. They develop theories and test them in their research. As they collect new information, these findings can be used by practitioners in their work with clients and patients.

As practitioners psychologists work in laboratories, hospitals, courtrooms, schools and universities, prisons and corporate offices. They work with business executives, performers, and athletes to reduce stress and improve performance. They advise lawyers on jury selection and cooperate with educators on school reform. Immediately following a disaster, such as a plane crush or bombing, psychologists help victims and bystanders recover from the shock of the event.

Involved in all aspects of our world, psychologists must keep up with what is happening around us. When you are a psychologist, your education never ends.

Most psychologists say they love their work. They say that they have a variety of daily tasks and the flexibility of their schedules.

The study of psychology is a good preparation for many other professions. Many employers are interested in the skills of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data, and their experience with statistics and experimental design.

Psychology is a very diverse field with hundreds of career paths. We all know about caring for people with mental and emotional disorders. Some other jobs like helping with the design of computer systems are less well-known. What all psychologists have in common is an interest in the minds of both humans and animals.

EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions on the text.

1. What does the field of psychology include?

2. What innovations do psychologists make?

3. Where do psychologists work?

4. Who do psychologists work with?

5. Do most psychologists like their work?

6. What skills are many employers interested in?

7. What do all psychologists have in common?

II. Answer the question expressing your own opinion. (no less that 10 sentences).

What sort of career in psychology would you prefer? Why?

III. Give Russian equivalents of the following.

Fundamental things, an extremely varied field, to conduct research, to apply scientific findings, these findings can be used by practitioners, to improve performance, a variety of daily tasks, statistics and experimental design, a very diverse field, career paths.

IV. Find English equivalents in the text.

Решать проблемы, будущие психологи, собирать новую информацию, пациент, зал суда, уменьшить стресс, отбор присяжных заседателей, работодатель, забота о людях с психическими или эмоциональными нарушениями.

V. Complete the sentences.

1. Psychology includes both …

2. They test …

3. Psychology is a very diverse field …

4. The study of psychology is …

5. They say that they have …

VI. Make up sentences.

1. when, a psychologist, are, your, education, ends, never, you.

2. well-known, some, helping, other, systems, jobs, are, like, computer, with, design, the, of, less.

3. psychologists, most, work, say, love, they, their.

4. your, when, education, are, you, a psychologist, ends, never.

5. psychology, careers, there, in, are, many.

VII. Give the summary of the text.

VIII. Read the text and then translate it in writing.

What Is Teaching?

Psychology makes very clear that the child must do his own learning, no one can do it for him. Thus, all education is self-education. This does not mean that teachers have outlived their usefulness and that their only task is to act as custodians while children learn. Teachers have a very definite function to perform: theirs is the task of stimulating and guiding the child's learning to assure his attainment of socially approved goals in the most efficient way possible.

The new concept of teaching has made the work of the teacher more chal­lenging but also more difficult; instead of having to concern himself only with a few patterns of effective presentation of subject matter, the modern teacher's responsibility is to see that everything that goes on in the classroom is of maximum benefit in promoting the child's all-round development. According to our modern concept of teaching, techniques of presentation are still essential -and any attempt to minimize their importance would obviously be misguided -but because learning is now recognized as a dynamic and continuous process involving all phases of child growth and development, other considerations have become equally, if not more, fundamental.

Briefly stated, the teacher's task centers on: a) orienting the child from the standpoint of direction and motivation toward desirable goals, both immediate and long range; b) facilitating his attainment of these goals through the intro­duction of suitable learning experiences; and c) attending to the more personal aspects of his total growth, e.g., attitudes, values, and personal adjustment. These tasks are highly interrelated; none can be considered apart from the others. Modern education is based on the principle that it is impossible to affect one aspect of child's growth without affecting him as a whole. Any attempt to restrict education to the promotion of academic and intellectual growth can only be ineffective and perhaps harmful.