Причастие (Participle)

Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая обладает свойствами глагола, прилагательного и наречия.

Подобно прилагательному, причастие может быть определением к существительному или именной частью составного сказуемого:

a broken agreement – нарушенное соглашение

the agreement was broken – соглашение было нарушено

Подобно наречию, причастие может быть обстоятельством, характеризующим действие, выраженное сказуемым.

Reading the text he wrote out new words. – Читая текст, он выписывал новые слова.

Формы Participle I и Participle II

Participle I	Active	Passive
Simple	showing	being shown
Perfect	having shown	having been shown
Participle II
shown

Функции Participle I

Functions	Patterns	Notes
1	2	3
Именная часть сказуемого	This book is interesting. I advise you to see it	Participle I на русский язык обычно переводится как прилагательное
Часть составного глагольного сказуемого	The woman was smiling They are waiting for a taxi	Participle I на русский язык обычно переводится как глагол
Определение	The smiling faces of the children failed to cheer him up They heard the trembling voice of the girl	В данной функции Participle I соответствует в русском языке действительному причастию. В некоторых случаях переводится на русский язык причастным оборотом
Часть конструкции «сложное дополнение с причастием»	I could see boats approaching the shore	Данная конструкция с причастием соответствует в русском языке придаточному предложению, выполняющему функцию дополнения
Обстоятельство: образа действия, сопутствующее обстоятельство	He was standing at the bridge admiring the beautiful view	В данной функции Participle I simple соответствует деепричастию несовершенного вида в русском языке

Окончание табл.

1	2	3
причины, цели	Not knowing English very well, he should study regularly	Participle I Perfect соответствует деепричастию совершенного вида в русском языке
времени	While running in the yard she fell and broke her leg Having done our home work we decided to go for a walk	В некоторых случаях Participle I переводится обстоятельственным придаточным предложением или деепричастным оборотом
Парентеза (вводное слово/предложение)	Frankly speaking, I consider the plan to be unreal Judging by what critics say, the new play is worth seeing

Функции Participle II

Function	Indicators	Patterns	Notes
1	2	3	4
Именная часть сказуемого	После глаголов-связок: to be, to seem, to look, to get, to remain, to grow, и т.д.	My question to him remained unanswered. We were very surprised when we heard the news
Определение		The engineers invited to our laboratory work very well. The machines constructed at this plant produced many nuts	Participle II соответствует в русском языке страдательному или действительному причастию некоторых глаголов, заканчивающихся на -ся, либо придаточным предложением или причастным оборотом

Окончание табл.

1	2	3	4
Часть конструкции «сложное дополнение с причастием»	a) После глаголов чувственного восприятия: to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc. b) после глаголов, обозначающих желание: to desire, to want, to wish, etc. с) после глаголов: to have, to get, to make	I saw him knocked off his feet I heard him talked about. I want it done. by tomorrow. He had his boots mended I shall get this letter typed. You must make your news known	В предложении данная конструкция выполняет функцию сложного дополнения. Обычно соответствует придаточному предложению, выполняющему функцию дополнения
Обстоятельство: времени	Обычно после союза when	When asked, he answered that he could not come
условия	После if, when	If asked, answer that you are busy. When considered from this point of view, this matter seems rather serious	В данной функции Participle II обычно переводится на русский язык обстоятельственным придаточным или причастным оборотом
сравнения	После as if, as though	He stood as though struck by my words
уступки	После though	Though impressed by the news, he didn’t show it

Exercise 6. Назовите Participle I и Participle II. Переведите предложения.

1) The goals connected to the development, modernization and application of a Secondary Standard are formed at the laboratory.

2) Standards containing only one set of requirements and defining only one level of product safety or quality are known as ‘pass-fail’.

3) Baseball is a team game derived from the English game of cricket.

4) Observations being made with the help of special techniques gave different results.

5) The term "a commercial standard" does not include standards developed by National Standards Bodies.

6) We aim at developing the fair to become a well-established international market place for the warehouse industries.

7) The quality depends on qualitative parameters being used.

Exercise 7. Переведите предложения с Participle, назовите формы и функции причастия в предложении.

1) The new achievement made in this field of science is of certain value.

2) The given interaction is a result of close communication.

3) Leaving the experimental laboratory he felt rather tired.

4) The realized plans were connected with the experiments carried out in the testing laboratory.

5) His conclusion founded on the latest tests was quite right.

6) The data being discussed at the seminar are of particular importance.

7) The developing science raises more and more important questions for the further discussion.

8) Having been signed by the persons authorized to that, the present contract became valid.

9) Having done a given number of operations, the machine stopped automatically.

You must know:

LABGINTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN STANDARDS

ISO – International Organization for Standardization – Международная организация по стандартизации (ИСО)

CEN – European Standard – Европейский стандарт

NF – French National Standard – Французский национальный стандарт

DIN – German National Standard – Немецкий национальный стандарт

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR STANDARDIZATION

ITU – the International Telecommunication Union – Международный союз электросвязи, МСЭ

WHO – the World Health Organization – Всемирная организация здравоохранения, ВОЗ (ООН)

FAO – the Food and Agriculture Organization – Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация, ФАО (ООН)

IAEA – the International Atomic Energy Agency, Международное агентство по атомной энергии, МАГАТЭ, etc.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR CERTIFICATION

EUROLAB – Европейская организация по испытаниям

EUROCHEM – Европейская кооперация по аналитической химии

EQS – Европейский комитет по внедрению и сертификации систем обеспечения качества

ECITS – Европейский комитет по испытаниям и сертификации в области информационных технологий

ELSECOM – Европейский электротехнический комитет по испытаниям и сертификации

ESCIF – Европейский комитет по огнезащите и пожарной безопасности

EOTC – Европейская организация по испытаниям и сертификации. Основана в ноябре 1990 г. Штаб-квартира в Брюсселе.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR ACCREDITATION

ILAC – Международная конференция по аккредитации лабораторий, основана в 1977 г.

IAF – Международный форум по аккредитации

EA – Европейская кооперация по аккредитации испытательных лабораторий и органов по сертификации.

LESSON 4

Прочитайте и переведите тексты. Сделайте реферирование текста “Accordance Certificate”.

RUSSIA IN INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS

Where does Russia participate?

On the way to the market economy Russia is constantly trying to harmonize domestic norms with European and international standards. For some groups of products the standard conformity is close to 100 %. However, in some areas, which directly affect the national security of Russia, such a harmony is hardly ever possible at all.

At present Russia participates in the following international certification systems:

• International Electroengineering Commission (IEC System) for testing electrical equipment in accordance with electrical safety standards.

• Certification of cars, trucks, buses and other transportation means (UN IEC System).

• Certification system of hand-held firearms and cartridges (bullets).

• Certification of electronic equipment (IEC System).

• International certification system of metrological equipment and instruments.

• Agreement on mutual acceptance of the test results for imported aircraft and certification of separate aircraft components.

• UN International Naval Organization (Safe Sea Navigation Convention).

TYPES OF CERTIFICATES

Accordance Certificate

(Certificate of quality, quality certificate)

Пояснения к тексту:

GOST R – ГОСТ А (Государственный стандарт А)

Accordance certificate certifies the quality of actually shipped goods, as well as their correspondence to the terms and conditions of the contract. Accordance certificate gives characteristics of the goods or confirms correspondence of the goods to definite standards or specifications of the order.

Accordance certificate is issued by competent organizations, chambers of commerce, special laboratories in the country of export and in the country of import. The parties of the purchase-and-sale contract can agree about submitting the certificates of different governing and supervisory institutions.

Product accordance certificate is intended for certifying a consignment of goods delivered to Russia by the importing company, or imported batch products. In the first case the certificate is registered for the company supplying the products to the Russian market. The term of the certificate validity depends on the provisions of the sales contract. In the second case it is a foreign manufacturing company, which declares and receives a certificate for delivered goods. A certificate of this type is effective during the term indicated in the certification document. Legalization of the certified product is carried out by the Russian experts at the manufacturer's facilities. A correspondence certificate for batch production is issued based on the laboratory tests of the product samples.

Product Accordance Certificate GOST R can be issued only on availability of the additionally required certification documents: a hygienic certificate, a veterinary certificate, a fire safety certificate, etc. An Accordance Certificate GOST R is issued with reference to the above-indicated documents.

Accordance certificates can be voluntary and compulsory. The goods, which are not subject to compulsory certification, can be imported to the Russian customs house on availability of the refusal letters. Accordance certificates are registered in Russia based on schemes 7 (certification of goods consignment) and 3А (certification of production conditions).

Vocabulary:

shipped goods – перевозимые товары

conditions – условия

order – заказ

submitting – подчинение

consignment – партия товаров

batch products – группа товаров

validity – законность, обоснованность

samples – образцы

refusal – отказ

Sanitary – Epidemiological (Hygienic) Certificate

Hygienic certificate is a document certifying the accordance of products and goods to the sanitary law requirements in the case of strict conformity with established rules of production, storage, transportation and distribution. Hygienic certificate is issued for one type of goods. However, several nomenclature items (trade marks) of the goods can be indicated in the attachment to the certificate. The products are united if they are manufacture based on the same standards and technical documentation and on the same hygienic safety criteria. Several types of products cannot be included into the same hygienic certificate.

Hygienic certificate is valid for 5 years. In the definite cases (manufacture of new products in trial lots, realization of principally new technologies, use of non-conventional raw materials or components), the effective term of the hygienic certificate can be shortened. Hygienic certificate determines concrete conditions (regulations) of production or distribution of the goods.

Three different types of sanitary-epidemiological certificates are issued for: *products, *type of activities, *technical specifications.

Documents required for hygienic certificate registration are:

1) For imported products:

Documents certifying the status of legal entity (registration certificate, registration certificate of tax inspection); safety certificate of the manufacturing country; technical description of the products indicating application conditions, other standard and technical documentation, including the information about composition and application conditions; contract or information about delivery of the goods; certificate of origin; test records (if available).

2) For domestic (Russian) products:

Documents certifying the status of the declarant's legal entity (registration certificate, registration certificate of tax inspection, statute).

3) Regulatory and (or) technical documentation for products or goods:

Passport indicating technical characteristics; technological regulations, technological directions (other documents containing production technology description); report of production conditions survey issued by Sanitary Inspection; agreement on floor space lease or the document certifying the right for property; other documents certifying product safety (accordance certificates, raw material hygienic certificates, etc.)

Vocabulary:

hygienic – гигиенический

strict – строгий, точный

storage – хранение

distribution – распределение, реализация

attachment – приложение

criteria – pl. критерии, нормы

be valid – быть действительным

non-conventional – нестандартные

application conditions – условия применения

legal entity – юридическое лицо

survey – осмотр, обследование

Exercise 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний, которые помогут вам лучше понять текст. Воспроизведите текст на английском языке, используя эти ключевые фразы.

Соответствие продукции и товаров промышленного производства требованиям санитарных норм; правила производства, хранения, транспортировки и реализации (продукции и товаров); приложение к сертификату; гигиенические нормы безопасности; срок действия гигиенического сертификата.

Exercise 2. Найдите в тексте, выпишите и запомните

названия документов, необходимых для регистрации гигиенического сертификата:

а) на импортируемую продукцию;

б) на продукцию отечественного (Россия) производства;

в) регламентирующую и(или) техническую документацию.

Выполните упражнения по грамматике.

Exercise 3. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) While being in New York they went sightseeing.

2) There is a number of quality standards providing quality of production.

3) The goals connected to the development, modernization and application of a Secondary Standard are formed at the laboratory.

4) He mentioned two factors giving rise to this effect.

5) They fulfilled the plan, using their information.

6) Electronic computers perform both arithmetic and logical operations, making it possible to control the process under rather complicated conditions.

7) The people concerned agreed with me.

8) If taken into consideration in time, the data will be useful.

9) He will be interested in practical aspects of this problem.

Exercise 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Назовите Participle I и Participle II и определите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого.

1) A product has the characteristics or meets the requirements contained in a standard.

2) Certifiers provide information on the quality or safety of one certified product.

3) The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a non-govern-mental organization bringing together the interests of producers and users in the preparation of international standards.

4) A certification of conformity is granted in one participated country and recognized in other participating countries.

5) Being invited to the conference he left for London.

6) The work performed in our laboratory showed good results.

7) The product must always perform the function for which it is intended and meet quality standards.

8) The monarch in GB still performs some important executive and legislative duties including opening and dissolving Parliament, signing bills passed by both houses and fulfilling international duties as head of state.

9) Having finished their experiments the students left the laboratory.

Exercise 5. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на причастие.

1) Работа, проделанная в прошлом году нашей лабораторией, представляет большой интерес.

2) Используемый метод является очень надежным.

3) Данные, полученные в их лаборатории, оказались неправильными.

4) Я интересуюсь практическими аспектами этой проблемы.

5) Моя статья, посвященная Международной конференции по метрологии, будет напечатана в будущем месяце.

6) Паспорт, указывающий на технические характеристики, был необходим им для подтверждения статуса юридического лица.

7) Гигиенический сертификат – это документ, определяющий соответствие продукции и товаров требованиям санитарных норм.

Exercise 6. Откройте скобки, употребив необходимую форму причастия.

1) (to repair), the engine began operating better.

2) (to make) his experiment the lab assistant put down all the necessary data.

3) (to finish) one experiment he started another.

4) (to take)a decision at last she left for the railway station.

5) (to dismiss) from his work he couldn't find himself for a long time.

6) (to ask) the respondents expressed their viewpoints quite frankly.

7) (to come) to the city late at night she decided to wait for the sunrise at the airport.

8) (to invite) to the scientific conference he bought a ticket for the plane at once.

9) (to inspect) the motor, they made some valuable remarks.

10) There is a number of certain standards (provide) quality of production.

11) Quality of things (to achieve) by many factors one of which is standard.

12) In England there are about 50 Universities, (include) the Open University which teaches via TV and radio, about 400 colleges and institutes of higher education.

Прочитайте текст. Выполните упражнения к тексту.

WEB STANDARDS

Web standard is a general term for the formal standards and other technical specifications that define and describe aspects of the World Wide Web. In recent years, the term has been more frequently associated with the trend of endorsing a set of standardized best practices for building web sites, and a philosophy of web design and development that includes those methods.

Many interdependent standards and specifications, some of which govern aspects of the Internet, not just the World Wide Web, directly or indirectly affect the development and administration of web sites. While any of these may be called “web standards”, advocates within the web standards movement tend to focus on the higher level standards that most directly affect the accessibility and usability of web sites.

Exercise 7. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1) What is web standard?

2) What has the term been more frequently associated with in recent years?

3) What do many interdependent standards and specifications affect?

Exercise 8. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

Основной термин, технические спецификации, тенденция подтверждения (одобрения), философия веб-дизайна и развития, стандарты более высокого уровня, пригодность к употреблению, более высокий уровень стандартов.

LESSON 5

Прочитайте и переведите текст:

PRODUCT CERTIFICATION PROCEDURE IN RUSSIA.

Certification stages:

– Submission of declaration application for product certification.

– Review of the declaration application to make a decision on certification procedure and to choose a certification scheme.

– Selection of the test center or test laboratory.

– Development of product certification program and methods.

– Selection, identification of the specimen (samples).

– Testing (examination) of the products for certification purpose.

– Analysis (inspection) of production conditions. Analysis of the test results and production examination report to make a decision on possible issue of the Accordance Certificate or license certifying the right to use Certification Accordance Mark.

– Certification of manufacturing process of the certified commercial goods or certification of the declarant’s quality system (if it is included into the certification plan or at the declarant’s desire).

– Drawing up and registration of the manufacturing process or quality system Accordance Certificates, and entering the certified manufacturing process or quality system into the State Certification System Register GOST R.

– Receipt of the Accordance Certificate for manufacturing process of the certified products or declarant’s quality system.

– Drawing up and registration of the Accordance Certificate for products, and entering the certified products into the State Certification System Register GOST R.

– Receipt of the Accordance Certificate and license certifying the right to use the Accordance Certification Mark (or marking the products by the Accordance Mark). Inspection and control of stability of the certified product characteristics (parameters), certified manufacturing process, certified quality system (if it is required by the certification plan).

Exercise 1. Запишите выделенные в тексте слова и выражения и переведите их на русский язык. Вы можете воспользоваться словарем в приложении А.

Прочитайте текст. Сделайте реферирование текста.

CERTIFICATION OF PRODUCTS AND GOODS IMPORTED

TO RUSSIA

According to the Decision of the State Custom Committee of the Russian Federation dated October 1, 2000, the goods of foreign origin imported into the Russian Federation should be certified in accordance with certification standards applicable in Russia. There are some kinds of products, which do not require the attached Accordance Certificates. However, a list of such products is very short. Even if the imported goods are not subject to compulsory certification, the importing company is supposed to produce a refusal letter to prove optional certification requirements for the declared goods.

In conformity with earlier signed intergovernmental agreements, the Accordance certificates issued in Russia are also valid in Bielorussia and Kazakhstan. All the CIS member-countries require the accordance of the imported products to the standards GOST R. The existing situation is established because these countries do not do own well-equipped laboratories to carry out certification tests on their territories. Except for the Ukraine, where quality certificates are issued for some kinds of products, the rest CIS member-countries recognize and prove the Accordance Certificate GOST R issued in Russia.

ISO Quality certificates are not sufficient to prove the goods and products accordance to the GOST R standards. There are some differences between GOSSTANDART norms and ISO standard system. Therefore, the importing company is supposed to produce the Accordance Certificate GOST R and Hygienic Certificate of the Health Ministry of RF instead of available ISO and CE certificates.

For custom clearance purpose the declarant is supposed to submit to the custom office the original of the Accordance Certificate or its copy certified by the issuing authority. It is the law of the Russian Federation "Protection of Consumers’ Rights in Russia" that makes submission of the this certificate binding during custom clearance of the imported goods. The State Custom Committee and Gosstandart adopted a special regulation to approve a list of goods subject to compulsory certification.

The certificate is issued in the name of a person for the batch of goods delivered under fully executed foreign trade contracts. The Accordance Certificate is issued by the authority after carrying out a test program for each kind of the certified goods.

Exercise 2. Образуйте oт глагола, данного в скобках, форму Participle II. Переведите предложения.

1) The work (perform) in our laboratory showed good results.

2) The question (answer) by the student was a difficult one.

3) When (correct) the information may be of some interest.

4) They sent us a list of goods (import) by that firm.

5) Earlier (sign) intergovernmental agreements, the Accordance certificates (issue) in Russia are also valid in Bielorussia and Kazakhstan.

6) A word (speak) in time may have very important results.

7) Everything (write) here is quite right.

8) In some cases (import) goods are not subject to compulsory certification.

Exercise 3. Составьте рассказ о своей будущей профессии. Используйте следующие слова и выражения:

Interest in standardization and certification; theoretical knowledge, practical experience and skills; personal qualities; know means and methods of work; well-educated and independent specialist; different types of standardization and certification; certification of products, services in trade, tourism, repair and personnel; competitiveness of products, the development of production, its profi-tability and effectiveness; to ensure a high level of quality in different spheres of our life; to use basic concepts of … .

Exercise 4. Представьте, что Вам звонит из Англии Ваш коллега, который собирается приехать к Вам в командировку. Выполните следующие действия:

• спросите по-английски, какого числа он собирается к Вам приехать;

• спросите, когда прибывает его рейс, и пообещайте встретить его в аэропорту;

• спросите, не заказать ли ему номер в гостинице, и пожелайте ему приятного пути;

• сформулируйте фразу для заказа для него двухместного номера в гостинице сроком на четверо суток со вторника, 18 ноября, по пятницу, 21 ноября включительно.

Exercise 5. Вы только что прибыли самолетом в Англию и должны пройти паспортный контроль. Человек, который стоит перед Вами, разговаривает с чиновником паспортного контроля. Выучите фразы из диалога и воспроизведите диалог с партнером.

A.: Can I see your passport, please? And have you filled in a landing-card?

B.: No, I haven’t. Nobody gave me one.

A.: Well, you must fill one in. You can do it on that table over there.

B.: I see. – Now, here my landing-card.

A.: Thank you. What is the purpose of your visit?

B.: I’m visiting the International Conference on Metrology.

A.: And how long are you going to stay here?

B.: About a week.

A.: All right. I hope you’ll have a pleasant and useful stay in Britain. Now go to the Customs, please. Thank you.

Customs Officer: Would you put your bag over here, please? Have you anything to declare?

B.: I don’t think so.

C.O.: Have you got any spirits or tobacco?

B.: I’ve got 50 cigars and a bottle of vine.

C.O.: That’s all right. What’s in this bag? Any presents?

B.: Yes, these dolls “Matryrshki”. They’re for my colleges.

C.O.: Would you mind showing me your camera, please?

B.: Not at all.

C.O.: O.K. That’s all, then. You can go through.

You Must Know:

USA STANDARDS

• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

• American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC)

• American National Standard Institute (ANSI)

• U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (US CPSC)

• U.S. Federal Trade Commission (US FTC)

Грамматика: Причастные конструкции (Participle Clauses)

Конструкция	Пример	Перевод
1	2	3
Объектный причастный оборот the Objective Participial Construction сущ. (общ. п.) / Мест. (объект. п.) + Participle I и II	We heard him playing the Piano. I considered the work done I had my books bound.	Мы слышали, как он играл на пианино. Я считал, что работа выполнена. Я переплел свои книги. (Кто-то переплел их для меня).
Субъектный причастный оборот the Subjective Participial Construction сущ. (общ. п.) / мест. (им. п.) + Participle I и II	Не was seen crossing the street. She was heard talking about it. He was seen looking for something.	Видели, как он переходил улицу. Слышали, как она об этом говорила. Видели, как он что-то искал.

Окончание табл.

1	2	3
Независимый причастный оборот the Absolute Participial Construction сущ. (общ. п.) / мест. (им. п.) + Participle I и II	It being warm, we went for a walk. Radio was invented in 1895, the inventor being the Russian scientist.	Так как было тепло, мы пошли гулять. Радио было изобретено в 1895 г., причем изобретатель был русским ученым.

Exercise 6. Замените подчеркнутые слова в предложениях на причастные обороты.

Образец: Since she had phoned to say her plane was delayed, she knew her friends would not be worried. – Having phoned to say her plane was delayed, she knew her friends would not be worried.

1) I had finally got a job at Johnson and Barnet, so I was anxious that my first advertising campaign should be effective.

2) He sold all his shares in Burchfield Books because he realized that the company was in trouble.

3) Once the people in the village had gone into debt to traders, they missed out on what they should have been earning.

4) After I had closed the door quietly behind me, I tiptoed into the room.

5) The drilling in the street continued throughout the three-hour exam so that it completely destroyed his concentration.

Exercise 7. Причастные обороты могут также использоваться для объединения предложений. Объедините следующие предложения, используя причастные обороты.

Образец: More than 2 million people work in the telecommunications industry. This makes it one of the country's most significant employers. – More than 2 million people work in the telecommunications industry, making it one of the country's most significant employers.

1) There are 2,3 million snowboarders in the United States. They represent nearly 20 % of the people who visit ski resorts annually.

2) Burton spent the summer of 1978 in Europe. He was testing his boards on Austrian glaciers.

3) Burton Snowboards still dominates the industry. The company sells more than 100 000 snowboards a year in North America.

4) Sometimes key ingredients for a product are not available locally. This makes it necessary to find alternatives.

5) He remembers getting very excited. At the time he was teaching his students in Bangladesh how economic theories provided solutions to problems.

6) Manufacturers throughout the world have patented just about every imaginable car name. This makes it extremely difficult to find a suitable name for a new model.

Exercise 8. Переведите на английский язык, используя Complex Object with Participle II.

1. Он хочет, чтобы документы были отосланы воздушной почтой.

2. Вы починили свои часы?

3. Они хотят, чтобы товары были отгружены в понедельник.

4. Я видел, как мешки погрузили.

5. Я должен почистить свои ботинки.

6. Отошлите эти документы сейчас же.

7. Почему вы покрасили стены в такой темный цвет?

8. Я слышал, как это было сказано несколько раз.

9. Он отослал письмо вчера.

Exercise 9. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.

1) The quality of the delivered goods correspond to the state standards (established in the Russian Federation), qualitative parameters being defined by the parties.

2) This document establishes a framework being used by all interests including companies, government, nongovernmental organizations, standards developers and consumers.

3) After approving a written request to host an international meeting, ANSI issues an invitation to the secretariat of the committee concerned.

4) American National Standard Institute is successfully facing the standardization challenges of a global economy while addressing key quality-of-life issues such as safety and the environment, the National Standards Strategy being used as a guide.

5) This document can be used to further improve country’s competitiveness abroad while continuing to provide strong support for domestic market.

6) Certification programs are communication tools designed to reduce the cost of exchanging information between buyer and seller.

7) Some new devices having been obtained, the researchers could make more complex experiments.

8) Standing in the hall, he thought over the problem he was going to discuss at the meeting.

9) The installation was atomized last year, its capacity rising by 25 %.

10) The students wrote their English test-paper, each doing his variant.

11) Radio was invented in Russia, its inventor being the Russian scientist A.S. Popov.

12) It being late, the experts decided to stop working.

LESSON 6

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Сделайте реферирование текста.

STANDARDIZATION IN RUSSIA

The standardization work is carried out in Russia on the basis of the Federal Law «On technical regulating» adopted in 2003. The standardization is carried out with the purpose of: increasing the safety level of human life or health, property of natural persons or legal entities, state or municipal property, environmental safety, animals and plants health safety, and promotion to observance of technical regulations requirements; increasing the safety level of facilities taking into account the risk of creation the emergencies of natural or man-caused origin; provision the scientific and technical advance; increasing the competitiveness of products, works, services; rational use of resources; technical and informational compatibility; comparability of the results of researches (tests) and measurements, technical and economical and statistical data; interchangeability of products.

The standardization is carried out in accordance with the following principles: voluntary use of standards; comprehensive account of legitimate interest of the persons concerned when drafting standards; using the international standard as the base for drafting of the national standard, except for the cases when such using is recognized to be impossible.

The following documents used in the territory of the Russian Federation are referred to the standardization ones: national standards; rules of standardization, norms and recommendations in the field of standardization; classifications, All-Russian classifiers of technical, economical and social information, used in accordance with the established procedure; local standards.

National standards and All-Russian classifiers of technical, economical and social information, including the rules of their drafting and use, constitute the national standards system. National standards are approved by the national standards body in accordance with the standardization rules, norms and recommendations in this field. The national standards system does not include the rules of drafting and use of standards.

Vocabulary:

carry out – выполнять, осуществлять

purpose – цель

safety – безопасность

property – свойство

facilities – ам. оборудование

emergencies – аварии

in accordance with – в соответствии с

comprehend – законный

drafting – составление законопроекта

Exercise 1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1) What is the basis for the standardization work in Russia?

2) What principles are used to carry out the standardization?

3) Can you point any standardization documents in the territory of the Russian Federation?

Exercise 2. Определите, являются ли утверждения верными относительно информации, содержащейся в тексте.

1) The national standards system does not include the rules of drafting and use of standards.

2) National standards are approved by the regional standards body in accordance with the standardization rules.

3) Such documents as national standards; rules of standardization, norms and recommendations in the field of standardization; classifications and others are used in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Грамматика: Инфинитив (The Infinitive)

Инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола) представляет собой неличную форму глагола, которая только называет действие, не указывая ни лица, ни числа. Инфинитив отвечает на вопросы что делать? что сделать?

Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, которая не имеет самостоятельного значения.

Группы времен	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Perfect Progressive
Залог
Active	to ask	to be asking	to have asked	to have been asking
Passive	to be asked	---------------	to have been asked	---------------

Только две формы инфинитива (Simple Active и Simple Passive) имеют соответствующие формы в русском языке: to ask – спрашивать; to be asked – быть спрошенным/спрашиваемым. Для остальных форм инфинитива в русском языке нет соответствующих форм, и они не могут переводиться на русский язык изолированно, т.е. вне предложения.

Существует ряд случаев, когда частица to перед инфинитивом опускается:

1) После модальных глаголов must, can (could), may (might), need, should и т.д.:

Ex.: You must do it at once.

He can speak Spanish.

2) После глаголов to make (заставлять), to let (разрешать), иногда после to help (помогать), особенно часто в американском английском:

Ex.: He made me read this textbook.

I let him go there.

Help me (to) do it.

3) В обороте «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» после глаголов чувственного восприятия: to see (видеть), to watch (наблюдать), to hear (слышать), to feel (чувствовать) и некоторых других:

Ex.: I saw her leave the room.

I felt him put his hand on my shoulder.

4) После выражений had better (лучше бы), would rather, would sooner (предпочел бы):

Ex.: I had better go there at once.

I would rather not tell them about it.