Walworth, bottom left hand corner, killing Tyler. Richard II is just behind Tyler and also addressing the peasants after Tyler's death
By the summer of 1381, the revolt was over. John Ball was hanged. Richard did not keep any of his promises claiming that they were made under threat and were therefore not valid in law. Other leaders from both Kent and Essex were hanged. The poll tax was withdrawn but the peasants were forced back into their old way of life - under the control of the lord of the manor.
However, the lords did not have it their own way. The Black Death had caused a shortage of labour and over the next 100 years many peasants found that they could earn more (by their standards) as the lords needed a harvest in and the only people who could do it were the peasants. They asked for more money and the lords had to give it. www.historylearningsite.co.uk › Medieval England
VI "Burning convictions"
1500–58. The upheaval was caused as a country renowned for its piety, whose king styled hi mself Defender of the Faith, turns into one of the most aggressive proponents of the new Protestant faith.
Task 1. Before watching the film, look through the timeline of the period:
1509 - Henry VIII becomes King. Marriage of Henry to Catherine of Aragon.
1516 – Birth of Princess Mary.
1533 – Henry divorces Catherine of Aragon. Marriage of Henry to Ann Boleyn. Birth of Princess Elizabeth.
1536 – Ann Boleyn beheaded. Marriage of Henry to Jane Seymour.
1537 – Birth of Prince Edward. Death of Jane Seymour.
1540 – Marriage of Henry to Anne of Cleves. Henry divorces Anne of Cleves. Marriage of Henry to Catherine Howard.
1542 – Catherine Howard beheaded.
1543 – Marriage of Henry to Catherine Parr.
1547 - Death of Henry VIII. Edward VI becomes King.
1553 – Death of Edward VI, aged 15. Mary I crowned.
1554 – Marriage of Marry I to Philip of Spain.
1558 – Death of Mary I. Elizabeth I becomes Queen.
Task 2.Watch the film and find answers to the following questions, using the key words in brackets:
Why are Walsingham (Norfolk) and the Holly Trinity Church (Suffolk) mentioned in the introduction? What was the position of Catholicism in England on the brink of the Reformation? ( regular and developed piligrims, to walk barefoot to the shrine (=tomb, chapel where a saint is buried), to dedicate a candle in thanks for smth., to be a dutiful son of the church, ceremonies and rituals involving the whole community, Christ Crucified would be there in flesh and blood, hand written Bibles etc.)
What were the main steps of the Reformation in England ? (Tyndale’s translation and mass publication of the English Bible, prosecutions and burnings, Henry VIII’s ascension to the throne (восхождение на престол), Thomas Wolsey, Ann Boleyn, Henry’s divorce case, Wolsey’s fall, the idea of Royal supremacy, submission of the clergy, break from Rome, Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell, anti-Roman propaganda, dissolution of the monasteries, Ann Boleyn’s execution, Cromwell’s protestant reforms, restrictions in Bible reading, Cromwell’s fall, counter-reform six articles, radical reforms of Edward VI’s reign, Mary I counter-Reformation, her marriage to Philip II of Spain, Protestants’ burnings, Elizabeth’s ascension, re-establishment of Protestantism).
When did Tyndale comlete his New Testament? What gruesome (мрачные, ужасные) events followed? Why were these events called “an English version of the inquisition”? (book burnings, short trials, to be condemned as a heretic, to lit fires).
Describe Henry VIII when he ascended to the throne (to be supposed to become a king, to acquire smb’s brother’s wife, marriage alliance between England and Spain, Catherine of Aragon, a splashy debut, glamorous outfits, the Battle of the Spurs, meeting with the young French king Francis I in 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold)
How is Thomas Wolsey described in the film? What events are associated with Thomas Wolsey?
Why is Ann Boleyn called “a historical prime cause” of English Reformation? (maid of honour, aristocratic flirtation, a sophisticated, ambitious young woman with a mind of her own, to exploit natural vivaciousness, to play the game of courtly love, to begin to recoil (=move backwards) from wife, to have no legitimate heir, the marriage had been divinely cursed, passion for smb., to refuse to be a mistress, seize on divorce as an answer to all the problems, to make the Pope a virtual prisoner, Wolsey’s fall, the book “On the obedience of a Christian Man and how Christian rulers ought to govern” by Tyndale, to learn about supreme power, submission of the clergy, the church would be governed by the will of the king, break from Rome)
What historical events is the name of Thomas Cromwell connected with? (Thomas Cromwell – Secretary of State, Cromwell’s protestantism, Thomas Cranmer secretely married a German, to commit oneself to Luther’s ideas, to break with Rome, the country had to be aroused to a new sense of a sovereignty, the oath had to be sworn recognising the royal supremacy and the legitimacy of heirs, visitations to the monasteries, uprooting of nearly 10 thousand monks and nuns, dissolution of the monasteries (роспуск монастырей), execution of innocent people, execution of Ann Boleyn, a law restricting the reading of the Bible in English to churchmen, noble people, deprivation (лишения, нищета) for ordinary people, 1540 – Cromwell executed)
Why was Ann Boleyn executed? What do you get to know about Jane Seymour and Anne of Cleves? (Catherine was dead, to think of reconciliation (примирение) between Charles V and Henry VIII, Ann miscarried (потеряла ребенка из-за выкидыша), to seduce smb through witchcraft (колдовство), to be doomed, to celebrate the birth of a son, scheme of alliance with Anne of Cleves for diplomatic reasons collapsed)
What was Henry VIII final position on the matters of religion: a) a national church divorced from Rome but married to an English throne or a) a national church married to Rome. What facts prove your choice?
Describe the main events of the reign of Edward I. (to be led by Thomas Cranmer, to be educated by a protestant, to destroy idolatry, all the customs and ceremonies of the old church were banned, the blessing of candles and candle mass and palms on Palm Sunday were banned, the cults of saints were forbidden, images, statues, stained glass paintings were attached with chisels and limewash, no more stone altar but a user-friendly communion chair, to abolish distance between a priest and his flock, the familiarity of address to the congregation)
What happened during the reign of Mary I? (to return England to its obedience to Rome, to produce a Catholic male heir, to ask forgiveness from the Pope’s legate, orders went out for the repainting of churches, restoration of masses, to be forgiven by mother Rome, the Catholic Philip II of Spain, a Spanish consort, to love another real better than this, to cleanse her realm of the protestant heresy, to undo Edward’s reformation by fire, 2020 men and 60 women were burnt, to die childless)
What events marked the reign of Elizabeth I? (a middle way between the courses chosen by her half brother and half sister, to outlaw the mass, to bring back the book of common prayer, to be in no hurry to abolish the Catholic calendar of saints days, to put out the fires of religious fanaticism, a truly English way, Englishness was discovered, to offer a bless to anyone who would assassinate Elizabeth, to be forced to choose between their church and their queen, what was once a national church would become a faith on the run)
Task 3. Who of the following people are the words of the film about:
William Tyndale, Henry VIII, Thomas Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer, Ann Boleyn, Mary I, Philip II of Spain, Elizabeth I
Fanatical, clear in his convictions (убеждения)
An inexhaustible (неутомимый) hunter
A psychologist in a cardinal’s head
Defender of the Faith (защитник веры)
A manipulator of patronage, honours, bribes and threats
Could bang heads - even very aristocratic ones
Represented everything that Catherine was not: 10 years younger, merry, spirited…
They were like two pillows: theological on the left and political on the right and the king triumphant in the middle
The least sentimental man ever to run a country
The author of the bloody drama
He tried to put the genie back in its bottle
To have a martyr (мученик) complex
English first female ruler since queen Matilda
A bad match
To cast herself as a healer
Task 4. What role did the following people play in turning Catholic England into a Protestant country: a)William Tyndale, b)Henry VIII, c)Thomas Wolsey, d)Thomas Cromwell, e)Thomas Cranmer, f)Catherine of Aragon, g)Ann Boleyn, h)Edward VI, i)John Dudley, j) Mary I, k) Philip II of Spain, l) Elizabeth I?
Find them in the pictures and speak about their role in Reformation.
1.
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5.
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12.
Task 5. Fill in the gaps in the Family Tree of the TUDORS:
HENRY
VII m. Elizabeth of York
Wives:
Arthur |
children:
Task 6. Supplementary reading. Read the Wikipedia information about English Reformation. Which of the facts were not mentioned in the film?
Henry VIII
Henry VIII ascended the English throne in 1509 at the age of 17. He made a dynastic marriage with Catherine of Aragon, widow of his brother Arthur, in June 1509, just before his coronation on Midsummer's Day. Unlike his father, who was secretive and conservative, the young Henry appeared to be the epitome of chivalry and sociability; an observant Catholic, he heard up to five masses a day (except during the hunting season); of "powerful but unoriginal mind", he allowed himself to be influenced by his advisors from whom he was never apart, by night or day; he was thus susceptible to whoever had his ear. Between his young contemporaries and the Lord Chancellor, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, there was thus a state of hostility.
As long as Wolsey had his ear, Henry's Catholicism was secure: in 1521 he had defended the Catholic Church from Martin Luther's accusations of heresy in a book he wrote, probably with considerable help from Thomas More, entitled The Defence of the Seven Sacraments, for which he was awarded the title "Defender of the Faith" . Wolsey's enemies at court included those who had been influenced by Lutheran ideas, among whom was the attractive, charismatic Anne Boleyn.
Anne arrived at court in 1522, from years in France where she had been educated by Queen Claude of France, as maid of honour to Queen Catherine, a woman of "charm, style and wit, with will and savagery which made her a match for Henry".By the late 1520s, Henry wanted to have his marriage to Catherine annulled. She had not produced a male heir who survived into adulthood and Henry wanted a son to secure the Tudor dynasty. Before Henry's father (Henry VII) ascended the throne, England had been beset by civil warfare over rival claims to the English crown and Henry wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession. Catherine's only surviving child was Princess Mary.
Henry claimed that this lack of a male heir was because his marriage was "blighted in the eyes of God". Catherine had been his late brother's wife, and it was therefore against biblical teachings for Henry to have married her;a special dispensation from Pope Julius II had been needed to allow the wedding in the first place.Henry argued that this had been wrong and that his marriage had never been valid. In 1527 Henry asked Pope Clement VII to annul the marriage, but the Pope refused. According to Canon Law the Pope cannot annul a marriage on the basis of a canonical impediment previously dispensed. Clement also feared the wrath of Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, whose troops earlier that year had sacked Rome and briefly taken the Pope prisoner.
The combination of his "scruple of conscience" and his captivation by Anne Boleyn made his desire to rid himself of his Queen compelling.The indictment of his chancellor Cardinal Wolsey in 1529 for praemunire (taking the authority of the Papacy above the Crown), and subsequent death in November 1530 on his way to London to answer a charge of high treason left Henry open to the opposing influences of the supporters of the Queen and those who sanctioned the abandonment of the Roman allegiance, for whom an annulment was but an opportunity.