- •Английский язык
- •Предисловие
- •Part 1. Vocabulary practice
- •2. Read and translate the following text. Text 1 Electronics
- •3. Check your knowledge of the following terms.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words given below.
- •Part 2. Speaking practice
- •5. Answer the following questions to the text «Electronics».
- •6. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use such word combinations as:
- •7. Make up a dialogue on the following situation:
- •Part 3. Translation practice
- •8. Выполните следующие предтекстовые задания:
- •Text 2 Fabrication Technology
- •Abstract
- •Unit 2. Vacuum Tubes part 1. Vocabulary practice
- •2. Read and translate the following text. Text 1
- •Vacuum Tubes
- •3. Give English equivalents to the following Russian terms.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words given in the text.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •Part 2. Speaking practice
- •6. Answer the following questions to the text “Vacuum Tubes”.
- •Part 3. Translation practice
- •Text 2 cmos Technology
- •Unit 3. Emission part 1. Vocabulary practice
- •1. Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •2. Read and translate text 1. Text 1 Emission
- •3. Find English equivalents for the following terms.
- •4. Choose Russian equivalents for the following words from the list given below.
- •Part 2. Speaking practice
- •5. Name the main points of the text 1 basing on the following questions.
- •6. Suggest the answers to the following descriptions using the words given below.
- •7. Make up a dialogue on the following situation:
- •Part 3. Translation practice
- •8. Выполните следующие предтекстовые задания:
- •Text 2 cmos Technology
- •Unit 4. Tube Noise part 1. Vocabulary practice
- •2. Read and translate the text 1. Text 1 Tube Noise
- •3. Choose the proper word from the brackets.
- •4. Make up sentences out of the following words.
- •Part 2. Speaking practice
- •5. Point out which of these sentences does not contain the information from the text.
- •6. Give the main points of the text answering the following questions.
- •7. Write an annotation of the text. Use the following phrases.
- •8. Make up a dialogue on the following situation:
- •Part 3. Translation practice
- •9. Выполните следующие предтекстовые задания:
- •Text 2 Basic Microfabrication Steps
- •Unit 5. Compounds and Elements part 1. Vocabulary practice
- •2. Read and translate the text. Text 1 Compounds and Elements
- •3. Read the following international words and guess their meanings.
- •4. Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •Part 2. Speaking practice
- •7. Give definitions of the following words: “a compound”, “an element”, “a molecule”, “an atom”. Memorize them.
- •8. Answer the following questions to the text.
- •9. Read the following interesting facts about oxygen and discuss them in your group. Did You Know?
- •10. Reveal the structure of any element’s or compound’s molecule depicting it on the blackboard. Part 3. Translation practice
- •11. Выполните следующие предтекстовые задания:
- •Text 2 Thin-film Deposition
- •Научный редактор г.В. Царева Редактор издательства л.И. Афонина
Unit 4. Tube Noise part 1. Vocabulary practice
1. Memorize the following words and word combinations.
source of noise |
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discrete particle |
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continual / continuous |
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fluid |
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to cause |
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shot effect |
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flicker effect |
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cushioning effect |
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reflection |
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irregular |
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statistical variation |
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to result from |
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to vary |
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virtual cathode |
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random |
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corresponding to |
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magnitude |
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to distribute |
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evenly |
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to absorb |
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chunk |
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to compare |
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to ignore |
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2. Read and translate the text 1. Text 1 Tube Noise
Vacuum tubes act as sources of noise because of the electronic nature of their operation. Noise arises from the fact that the current consists of the movement of discrete particles rather than the flow of a continuous fluid, causing the shot effect. If the emitting material is irregular in its nature, there may also be large low-frequency variations resulting from chunks of the emitting material varying in their emission, causing the flicker effect. Noise will also arise from variations in the secondary emission, from ionization within the tube, from emission of positive ions, reflection of electrons, from a virtual cathode, and from random variations of the division of current between elements in multielectrode tubes. Of all the above-mentioned effects, the largest and most important source of noise is the shot effect. The other sources produce noise that is usually low compared to that from the shot effect alone. In particular, noise from ionization may generally be ignored when the grid gas current is less than a few hundredths of a microampere.
Shot effect is noise due to the fact that electrons are discrete particles emitted from the cathode in a random way, so that any current resulting from such emission has a random or statistical variation that is termed “noise”. The energy corresponding to these variations is proportional to the magnitude of the average or d. c. current. The noise energy is distributed evenly over the frequency spectrum. The shot noise in a tube depends upon the magnitude of the current, as well as upon the conditions under which this current flows. The noise for a given current is maximum when the plate is absorbing all the electrons that are liberated by the cathode. If the plate does not receive all the electrons emitted by the cathode, then the noise is much less because of a cushioning effect upon the variations in the rate of emission produced by the great number of electrons emitted.