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15. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Слідчий багато думав про причину підробки (forgery) підпису на документі.

2. В адвоката було декілька причин вагатися чи злочин був здійснений під впливом сильного душевного хвилювання (in a fit of rage).

3. У потерпілого (victim) було мало шансів відновити картину злочину (to reconstruct the crime).

4. Декілька присяжних були готові кваліфікувати цей злочин як крадіжку із крамниці (shoplifting) і вважати дрібним правопорушенням.

5. На мій рахунок в банку нараховують мало відсотків (percentages of interest), але цей банк надійний.

Section d Listening

16. You will hear part of the program about the historical evolution of trade and the international economic laws which regulate it on the worldwide arena.

Pre-listening task

Task 1. Discuss the following questions in pairs.

Do you think that trade is a good method of raising revenue?

Do you share the opinion that trade has a degree of legal and political power?

Task 2. Be sure to know the word combinations which will help you to understand the text better.

1. raise revenue

збільшити дохід

2. provide access (to)

надати доступ (до)

3. focus on economic law matters

зосередитися на економічних питаннях права

4. launch trade relations

започаткувати торговельні відносини

5. establish links between law and commerce

узгодити торговельні справи з законом

6. forge, forgery

підробити, підробка

7. seek new trading opportunities

шукати нові торговельні шляхи

8. interaction of legal systems

взаємодія між законодавчими системами

9. apply “Lex Mercatoria” (Merchant Law)

покладатися на Закон Продажів

10. resolve subsequent maritime disputes

вирішувати конфлікти щодо морських справ

11. incorporated legal practices

впроваджена юридична практика

12. codified into modern legislation

усталене в сучасному законодавстві

Listening

Tapescript – T. – 3

17.

Task 1. Listen to the recording and answer the following questions.

1. What was the way of raising revenue in ancient Athens?

2. What exchanges did trade lead?

3. What did trade practices develop?

4. What sort of document is “Les Mercatorial” (Merchant Law)?

5. Who was searching new trading opportunities?

6. What trade practices were codified into modern legislation?

Task 2. Before listening to the text study the new vocabulary. After listening to the text write the missing information in the following sentences (1-11):

a) commercial practice

e) trading opportunities

i) economic matters

b) social and cultural

f) international business

j) trade and exploration

c) national legal

g) trade

k) commercial tribunal

d) maritime disputes

h) bill of lading (коносамент)

1. From ancient Athens the role of trade was to create wealth leading to ___________ development.

2. Trade provided access to _____________ perspectives.

3. Early medieval agreements focused on ___________.

4. _________ was an ideal vehicle for developing international relations.

5. Links between trade and law were forged by ________.

6. Modern ________ commercial law is rooted in trade practices that developed during the resulting interaction of ________ systems.

7. Under the medieval legal practice a buyer ________.

8. The medieval “Lex Mercatoria”(Merchant Law) was created and developed by ___________.

9. A buyer was required to ________ when a seller’s agent provided ________ for cargoes still en route by sea.

10. Arbitrators and judges merged certain commercial practices into the _______.

11. Laws and ____________ enchantments of maritime nations.

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