Section g Test (Time limit - 45 minutes)

Task 1. Choose the best word from the list given below to fill in each gap. Write out the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper. The first answer is given as an example.

Model: 1-B

International Law and National Law

Every nation is expected to ___(1) obey___ international law. Some nations make international law automatically part of the law of their land. The U.S.Constitution designates ratified _____(2)_____, along with the Constitution itself and federal statutes, the ____(3)____ law of the land (Article VI) and empowers Congress “to define and punish… Offences against the Law of Nations” (Article I, Section 8). Customary international law is automatically incorporated into U.S. ____(4)___ system as federal common or unwritten law.

In cases involving international law, U.S. state and federal courts presume that U.S. law ____(5)____ to international law; such an attitude has been urged consistently by the Supreme Court of the United States. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, treaties do not become ____(6)____ in national law until they are enacted by ____(7)_____. In other countries, a treaty or customary international law is given constitutional status superior to ____(8)____ legislation. How a ___(9)____ state adopts and ____(10)____ international law is generally left to its discretion, so long as it conforms to the law in the end. Whatever the ____(11)___ or legal system of a nation, it cannot use its domestic law as an excuse to ____(12)___ an international agreement or violate an international rule. This was made clear during the war crimes ____(13)____ held in Nürnberg, ___(14)____, following World War II. The Nürnberg ____(15)___ rejected the defense that certain acts, such as the killing of ___(16)____ of war, were permitted under the domestic laws of Nazi Germany. The tribunals held that such laws were ___(17)___ and void because they ___(18)___ the generally valid rules of warfare. It also held that the ____(19)___ responsible for issuing and executing such laws were criminally responsible for ___(20)___ breaches of international law. Today, international human rights courts often declare national laws ___(21)___ with international rules and may award ___(22)___ to those whose ___(23)___ have been violated.

A	B	C	D
1. adhere	obey	disobey	contradict
2. decrees	contracts	declarations	treaties
3. supreme	extreme	minor	all-purpose
4. legal	lawul	superior	illicit
5. contradicts	conforms	coincides	defies
6. effective	actual	efficient	real
7. The Queen	The King	Parliament	President
8. non-international	international	native	national
9. independence	sovereign	freedom	liberty
10. neglect	implies	redresses	applies
11. constitution	code	bill	statute
12. penetrate	infiltrate	breach	interfere
13. ordeals	testimonies	trials	confessions
14. USA	UK	Germany	Ukraine
15. courts	benches	groups	tribunals
16. civilians	people	heroes	prisoners
17. null	valid	unreal	incorrect
18. observed	followed	contravened	notified
19. President	governments	Prime Ministers	individuals
20. important	grave	huge	big
21. incompatible	competitive	discontent	comparable
22. compensation	prize	fine	privilege
23. duties	obligations	abilities	rights

Task 2. Choose the correct word to fill in the gaps in the sentences that follow. Only one word is correct.

24. The International Commercial Arbitration Court is an independent _____ operating on a permanent basis.

A organization

B department

C office

D institution

25. The International Commercial Arbitration Court under the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine has a seal with its name in Ukrainian and English and depiction of a sword and scales of _______.

A impartiality

B fairness

C justice

D correctness

26. The head of the court can, at the request of the parties, establish the size and the form of ______ for a claim.

А security

B pledge

C promise

D guaranteeing

27. To the International Commercial Arbitration Court can _____ disputes of enterprises with foreign investments.

A be directed

B be passed on

C be referred

D be assigned

28. Foreign economic relation _____ connected with relation of purchase and sale of goods.

A will be

B shall be

C is being

D shouldn’t be

29. A person _____ use civil rights to justify actions that might seriously harm the health, welfare, safety or morals of others.

A cannot

B needn't

C must

D may not

30. International law can be ______ only when the states accept the power of a court to decide whether the law has been violated.

A accepted

B provided

C enforced

D adopted

31. The Vienna Convention is limited in _____ to treaties between states, although it can be applied as customary international law to agreements between non-state entities such as international organization.

A relation

B connection

C application

D regulation

32. In order for a treaty too be valid, it must be ______ by the free consent of the contracting parties.

A approve

B adopted

C accepted

D signing

33. In order to understand the nature of the international legal system, it is necessary ______ the structure and processes which function within the global society.

A to analyze

B understanding

C to watch

D observation

34. The United Nations is one of the primary mechanisms that ______ and create international law.

A declare

B proclaim

C will pronounce

D articulate

35. International law can only be enforced if states are prepared to _____ it.

A use

B follow

C put it into effect

D obey

36. The Single European Act introduces a new ''cooperation procedure'' designed to give what will then be known as the Parliament greater role in the ______ process.

A court

B judicial

C legislative

D just

37. The European Court of Justice holds the judicial power of the Communities with the function of ensuring that the law _______ in the interpretation and implementation of the Treaties.

A keeps

B follow

C is held

D is observed

38. It is a court of first instance whose decisions must be accepted by the national courts and against which there is no _______.

A alternative

B right

C remedy

D powers

39. International conventional obligations, both bilateral and multilateral, are all ______ by the same general principles of international law.

A fulfilled

B executing

C done

D regulated

40. Although sovereign States may ______ to accept the jurisdiction of courts of other States, the concept of State criminality is not strongly supported in law.

A be obliged

B wish

C supposed

D be forced

41. State responsibility for _____ is limited to liability for reparations.

A misdeed

B delicts

C offences

D manslaughter

42. Jurists will note that the outcome of the intergovernmental dispute was based on an individual's concept of fairness producing a ______ rather than a legal judgement.

A decision

B decree

C ruling

D sentence

43. The settlement significantly challenges the principle that either the State or its agents ______ for acts contrary to law outside the Geneva Conventions.

A responsible

B answerable

C subjected

D are liable

44. Arbitration plays a meaningful part in ______ various disputes among countries with different legal systems.

A established

B settling

C deciding

D fix

45. Actual investment projects taking into account the priorities of a given economy should be implemented on a ______ legal basis.

A strongest

B justice

C considerable

D sound

46. One of the advantages of bilateral investment is that agreements _____ be adapted to the particular conditions and relations of the contracting countries.

A mustn’t

B can

C had

D have

47. Contracts represent the private and consensual, not governmental _____ of life.

A way

B line

C ordering

D structured

48. Writing provides proof of what was agreed and helps to avoid disputes about whether there really ______ an agreement.

A will be doing

B has been

C were

D could be

49. Businessmen by nature are not usually _____ lawyers and so may not have given much thought to the problems which may arise.

A clever as

B happy

C as cautions as

D fastidious

50. As the business world becomes ever more complex and _____ and transactions become larger and more complicated the role of the lawyer becomes all the more important.

A vague

B interactional

C comprehend

D incurable