- •Оглавление
- •Глава 1. Общая характеристика объектов огнестрельного оружия 6
- •Глава 2. Раздельное исследование материалов поступивших на экспертизу 30
- •Глава 3. Сравнительное исследование 47
- •Введение
- •Глава 1. Общая характеристика объектов огнестрельного оружия
- •1.1 Понятие криминалистического отождествления пули
- •1.2 Общие правила изъятия пули
- •1.3 Общие и частные признаки каналов ствола
- •1.4 Факторы, влияющие на отображение признаков канала на пуле
- •Глава 2. Раздельное исследование материалов поступивших на экспертизу
- •2.1 Определение образца и вида патронов
- •2.2 Определение системы и модели оружия
- •2.3 Анализ результатов экспериментальной стрельбы
- •Глава 3. Сравнительное исследование
- •3.1 Способы получения развёртки пуль
- •3.2 Правило работы с исследуемой и экспериментальной пулей, сравнение оценки результатов и фотографирование
- •Заключение
- •Использованные источники и литература
- •Специальная литература
- •II. Нормативно-правовые акты
- •III.Судебная практика
министерство образования и науки российской федерации
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Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет» |
Юридический факультет |
Кафедра уголовного процесса и криминалистики |
ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ ОГНЕСТРЕЛЬНОГО ОРУЖИЯ ПО СЛЕДАМ НА ПУЛЯХ
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Выпускная квалификационная работа специалиста студента 5 курса дневного отделения специальности «Судебная экспертиза» Исаева Рамиля Чингизовича |
Научный руководитель: профессор кафедры доктор юридических наук, доцент Пастухов Павел Сысоевич |
Пермь 2017
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Оглавление
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ 2
ВВЕДЕНИЕ 3
Глава 1. Общая характеристика объектов огнестрельного оружия 6
1.1 Понятие криминалистического отождествления пули 6
1.2 Общие правила изъятия пули 9
1.3 Общие и частные признаки каналов ствола 15
1.4 Факторы, влияющие на отображение признаков канала на пуле 23
Глава 2. Раздельное исследование материалов поступивших на экспертизу 30
2.1 Определение образца и вида патронов 30
2.2 Определение системы и модели оружия 36
2.3 Анализ результатов экспериментальной стрельбы 41
Глава 3. Сравнительное исследование 47
3.1 Способы получения развёртки пуль 47
3.2 Правило работы с исследуемой и экспериментальной пулей, сравнение оценки результатов и фотографирование 54
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ 68
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ И ЛИТЕРАТУРА 71
Введение
Актуальность исследования. Успешная борьба с преступлениями с использованием огнестрельного оружия требует немалых сил и средств, оперативно-розыскных мероприятий, различных следственных действий и высококвалифицированных специалистов. Использование в качестве орудия преступления огнестрельного оружия и быстротечность инцидентов с его применением даже при наличии свидетелей не позволяет восстановить истинную картину происшествия без помощи сведущего лица. Поэтому в ходе расследования и судебного разбирательства преступлений, связанных с огнестрельным оружием, обязательно назначается судебно-баллистическая экспертиза, результаты которой нередко являются одним из решающих источников доказательств. Следует отметить, что полученные в ходе экспертизы данные необходимы не только для установления обстоятельств совершения преступления, но в некоторых случаях и для его правовой квалификации. В этой связи очевидна незаменимая и всевозрастающая роль судебно-баллистической экспертизы как средства доказывания по уголовным делам, связанным с особо тяжкими преступлениями против личности и государства.
В рамках судебно-баллистической экспертизы можно выделить два самостоятельных вида - криминалистическая экспертиза огнестрельного оружия и патронов к нему и криминалистическая экспертиза следов и обстоятельств выстрела. Очевидно, что по своей природе криминалистическая экспертиза следов и обстоятельств выстрела является синтетической отраслью знания, которая основывается на знаниях судебной баллистики и криминалистики, дополненными знаниями из области аналитической химии, математики, судебной медицины, информатики и т.п. С практической точки зрения рассматриваемая экспертиза является сложно структурированной системой процессуальных действий специально подготовленных профессионалов.
В сложившейся ситуации возрастает огромное значение в идентификационной судебно-баллистической экспертизе, основанной на использовании современных научных и технических достижений, и призванной способствовать созданию прочной и объективной доказательственной базы по расследуемым уголовным делам.
Значимость темы данной выпускной квалификационной работы состоит в важности роли и значения криминалистической идентификации нарезного огнестрельного оружия, как одной из разновидности огнестрельного оружия, в успешной борьбе с преступлениями, совершаемыми с использованием нарезного огнестрельного оружия, в обличении лиц, совершающих данные преступления. В представленной работе исследовались проблемы, связанные с определением научных основ и видов криминалистической идентификации, анализировались проблемы, возникающие при идентификации нарезного огнестрельного оружия, а также рассматривались современные способы и методы идентификации.
Целью исследования является изучение идентификации нарезного оружия по следам на пулях.
Д
Introduction.
Enterprise Risk Management is based on the concept of acceptable
risk, postulates the possibility of a rational influence on the risk
level, bringing and keeping this level within acceptable limits. The
risk is an objective reality projects involving all phases and
stages of its development and implementation. In
the context of the need for modernization of industrial enterprises,
the production of non-competitive products and the increased
volatility in the market environment to study methods and tools for
risk management of investment projects of industrial enterprises,
adequate requirements of modern market economy is one of the
important tasks of the Russian economy. Purpose
of the article - to explore the history of the development of risk
management. The
history of the development of risk management. The word "risk"
has ancient roots - translated from the Old Italian «risicare»
means "dare". The history of the concept of "risk"
is largely associated with the relationship of man to the future. In
ancient Greece mythological worldview was based on the fact that the
future is completely predetermined by the will and desire of the
gods, that is, It does not depend on the behavior of the person. The
emergence of world religions and especially Christianity, has led to
what the future has become ambiguous. There was an understanding
that the possibility of "different" future in this life
and after death depends on human behavior. Therefore, there was
responsibility for the consequences of their actions [3, p. 16]. In
the Middle Ages there was the realization that the future depends
not only on God. One of those who first raised the issue, was an
Italian monk, professor of mathematics credited Luke, who lived in
the XV century. In the Renaissance, it began a serious study of the
problems associated with risk. Thanks to the development of gambling
and especially dice the opportunity to predict the future. Exploring
gambling, French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal and
inventor in 1654 appealed to the Fermat math. The cooperation was
established the theory of probability. It was a huge jump in
philosophical and practical, for the first time allowed to make
quantitative predictions of the future. Since then, forecasting
tools, such as divination, sacrifice and blissful delirium began to
retreat into the past. At
the beginning of the XVIII century. German mathematician G. Leibniz
put forward the idea, and Ya.Bernulli Swiss mathematician
(1654-1705) proved the law of large numbers and developed a
statistical procedure. Since 1725, when the first government of
England were used mortality tables, this tool has spread rapidly
throughout the world. In
1730 the French mathematician A. Moivre introduced the concept of
the structure of a normal distribution and a measure of risk -
standard deviation. In 1738 Bernoulli determined the expected
utility, which ultimately rests the modern theory of portfolio
investments. Since 1763, thanks to Bayes' theorem (Theorem
hypotheses), the world learned how to influence the decision-making
level of awareness about the management of the facility. The
discovery of the basic laws and the development of almost all modern
risk management tools related to XVII-XVIII centuries. The
industrial revolution, social upheaval, the expansion of human
activities have significantly increased the scope of manifestation
of risk and simultaneously formed to the future as a part of the
projected world. Note, in particular, the development of the theory
of statistical regression English mathematician F.Galtonom in 1886 Risk
is inherent in any area of human activity that is associated
with a variety of conditions and factors affecting the outcome
(positive or negative) decisions taken by the people. The risk of
shortfall in the expected results began to manifest itself
particularly when the universality of commodity-money relations,
competition, economic actors. Sufficiently broad and constructive
interpretation of the risk at the same time began to be used in
insurance, as this area of business is directly related to the
existence and manifestation of various forms of risk. It is because
insurance is an understanding of risk as an economic category. With
the emergence and development of a market economy, there are various
theories of risk. One of the first challenges of economic risks
considered American economist A. Marshall, whose works marked the
beginning of the neoclassical theory of risk. American economist
John. M. Keynes introduced to science the notion of "risk
appetite", describing the investment and business risks,
offered one of the first classifications of risk. The
work of American economist F.Nayta "Risk, Uncertainty and
Profit" was first suggested as a quantitative measure of the
risk of uncertainty. In the works of American mathematicians O.
Morgenstern and John. Neumann has been established relationship
concepts of "uncertainty" and "risk", reflected
probabilistic and mathematical treatment of risk. At
the beginning of XX century. classic management theory French
engineer A. Fayolle included into the basic functions of management
of the organization to ensure its safety function. Another
key aspect of the theory of risk are: the development of the theory
of portfolio management G.Markovitsem American economist in 1952 .;
G.Modilyani work on the theory of investment; N.Bleyka M.Sholsa work
and on financial options; Many other researchers and practical
development of many new financial instruments that have so changed
the face of opportunities and the financial markets. Finally,
the science of risk emerged only in the last quarter of XX century.
thanks primarily to the practical needs of safety in the
technosphere (in particular, nuclear power and other potentially
dangerous technologies) and the stability of social reproduction in
the economy. In
Russia in the 20s. XX century. It was adopted legislation containing
the concept of the economic risk. But by the mid-1930s. the risk was
related to the phenomena of capitalist economy, since it is not
combined with the proclaimed planned nature of the economy. Ignoring
the problem has reached such a degree of risk that the concept of
"risk" does not even include in encyclopedias. The concept
of "risk" is explained only in Russian language
dictionaries. However, international experience shows that ignoring
or underestimating economic risk in the development of tactics and
strategy of economic policy, making specific decisions inevitably
constrains the development of society, scientific and technological
progress. Once
again, the emergence of interest in Russian to the manifestation of
risk in economic activity due to its transition to a market economy.
After the de-monopolization and privatization, the state has allowed
to develop freely entrepreneurship, while refusing to support the
role of the sole risk and shift the responsibility for economic
decisions taken at business entities. However, their survival
without risk factors is not possible. In
the context of the economic crisis is increasingly a problem of
alternative costs; changes in development strategies; review the
objectives, methods and means of operation of the company. The
important components of productive and continuous operation of the
company is risk management. Economic
operators are taking different strategic models to eliminate all
kinds of unforeseen costs. Project
risk management is seen as an integral part of the project
management process, and the history of these disciplines are
inextricably linked to each other. Milestones
in the formation of the theory of project management for the past
five decades, helping to identify the most significant moments in
the development of risk management mechanism of the project. The
historical aspect of the study contributes to the current state of
the theory of risk management of the project and the prospects of
its development. Modern
set of methods of project management dates back to the 50s of XX
century. The most important step is the development of methods of
scheduling. The importance of planning, supply chain management and
administration provided the basis for the formation of the theory of
project management. Continue
in the 60s of the last century, the development of methods of
project management is particularly influenced the establishment of
administrative structures and formation methods of teamwork, which
have been introduced in the management of production in the '70s. In
the 80-ies of XX century were developed and began to be successfully
applied new ideas of modeling projects and workflow automation. The
basis of this was the development of computer technology. The
rapid emergence of quality management methods also influenced the
content of the theory of project management. Impetus
to the development of modern methods of risk management was the
quantification of the risk that was given in the early 80-ies S.
Kaplan and BJ Garrick [1, p. 44]. The risk, in their view, is
composed of three parts: a description of the scenario, the
probability of this scenario and the consequences of 15 in this
scenario, with the consequences may vary according to the same
scenario. In the mid 80's mechanism of risk management began to be
widely discussed in the literature on project management. It formed
a risk management process, which then consisted of risk
identification, risk assessment, develop responses and control [2,
p. 94]. Quantitative
Risk Assessment, mainly was based on subjective probabilities and
distributions. In industry, the basis of risk management was to
analyze the possibility of monetary and time losses. Widely
used diagrams impacts, checklists and risk questionnaires, methods
for dealing with risky situations and important principles for the
allocation of risks in the construction contracts. During the 90-ies
the basis of the theory of project management has been the
introduction of network technologies, methods of cooperation and
business process management as a project. The
rapid development of international business, quality improvement and
reduce the cost of information technology and data transmission
technologies have opened new opportunities to manage projects in a
geographically distributed business environment. At the same time it
changed the concept of risk management. The
transformation took place towards greater understanding of the
importance of risk management, rather than a quantitative risk
analysis. Thus, the process of risk management and its integration
into the project management process are now the basis for further
development of the risk management framework. By
the end of 90-ies of XX century new methods of risk management,
based on a study of the implementation of previous projects and
develop solutions based on the experience of reducing the adverse
events vozdeyst16 tions to an acceptable level. That is the
knowledge accumulated about failed projects or adverse situations
and effects are used for the study and understanding of the causes
of negative situations, losses associated with them, and response to
reduce the consequences. Under
the risk management project is now understood as a complex
pre-planned activities aimed at identifying possible adverse
situations and reduction of their possible impact on the project to
an acceptable level. Current
direction of scientific development theory of project risk
management is presented in the form of improving the creative
approaches and approaches related to the study of risk management
experience. One
way to improve the effectiveness of these approaches - is the use in
the process of risk management of computer databases that must
include not only the listing of risks, but also valuable information
about retaliation on the occurrence of a particular risk situation,
information on the planning of risk management and other information
to take concrete decisions in the risk management process of the
project. Formation
of these databases comes continuously throughout the project on the
basis obtain information on risks and responses. A risk information
is valuable time when its formation is carried out in real time,
helped by a database of risks. The history of the theory of risk
management of the project shows that the current decade will be more
likely to improve existing approaches to risk management based on
modern concepts and ideas, and this is confirmed by the increased
interest of scientists to problem Risk Management project. The
author was considered a significant number of publications on the
topic of risk management, published in Russia in the past five
years. On the basis of the analysis, it was concluded that the vast
majority of publications are based on earlier proposals made in the
early and mid-90s of the last century. This contributed to the
treatment to foreign experience and, therefore, the methodological
basis of this study are basically the largest to date, publicly
available methodological approaches to risk management of the
project (the program), which have been developed in different
countries [4, p. 15]. Sorry,
could not find public information resources related to risk
management in the implementation of construction projects only, but
one containing a methodical approach developed by Finnish experts
from the institute VTT Building Technology. Currently, however,
there are universal guidelines for risk management, are intended for
all kinds of projects [5, p. 33]. Moreover,
a comparison of data to study the recommendations and specific
advice such as the recommendation of NASA, ECSS, DoD et al., Showed
that currently develops a typical risk management mechanism that
does not depend on the type of project (program).
In
the study of modern concepts of risk management, the authors used a
comparative analysis as a basis for the study. This method of
scientific knowledge is the most efficient in the framework of this
thesis research. This is due to the fact that the analysis refers to
the separation of methodological aЙpproaches
that are the prototype of this study, the relatively small elements
and a comprehensive study of them. This
comparison allows you to find the similarities of elements that show
the general trends of development of the theory of risk management.
On the basis of what, by analogy, constructed conclusions and
suggestions in improving risk management mechanism. Through a
comparative analysis, the authors identified the major differences
in the majority of these approaches. It mainly is the fact that at
present there was not yet a recognized sequence of steps in the risk
management process. Systematization
of collected data for risk management of the project suggested that
in the process of risk management, the following targeted actions:
planning, identification, evaluation, treatment, monitoring,
documentation. No
only recognized risk management function names, but the essence and
the content remains unchanged. Common to most of the studied
guidelines that make up the methodological basis of the thesis is
the proposal to technology identification and assessment of risks,
as well as the main methods of processing. Risk
identification is proposed to carry through checklists and on the
basis of interviews with experts. And the typical sources of risk
checklists and questionnaires, as a rule, are an integral part of
the recommendations. As
a general rule, by means of the matrix "Lost Chance," it
proposed to assess the quality or level of risk, or their degree of
influence on the project. Only one methodical approach [5, p. 40]
contains a qualitative assessment of the technology as the impact of
risks on the project and their level. A
quantitative risk assessment is most studied approach is seen as
assessment of changes in the cost and duration of the project due to
the impact on them of risk factors, by simulation of various
negative consequences of the offensive situations. However,
the approach of Finnish experts contains a methodology for
quantifying the degree of negative impact on the earnings situation
of the project, which is based on subjective judgments about the
likelihood of risky situations and the amount of loss in the event
of their occurrence. Currently,
there are four basic ways of handling risk: acceptance, transfer,
mitigation, avoidance. The differences appear as part of specific
measures, which include the main ways, and there is no a clear
classification of methods of processing risks.
Introduction.
Financial Management always puts the receipt of income depending on
the risk. Risk and income are two interrelated and interdependent
financial categories. Under
the risk is the possible danger of losses arising from the
specificity of certain natural phenomena and human activities. For
the financial manager risk - is the likelihood of an unfavorable
outcome. Various investment projects have varying degrees of risk,
the most profitable option of investing can be so risky, that, as
they say, "the game is not worth the candle." In
the context of the need for risk analysis of companies and the
increased volatility in the market environment to study methods and
risk management mechanisms is shown one of the important tasks of
the Russian economy. The
purpose of the essay - to investigate the prospects for the
development of risk management. Prospects
for the development of risk management theory and practice. Risk
as an economic category is a possibility of the event that may
entail three economic result: negative (loss, damage, loss); null;
positive (gain, gain, gain) [1, p. 39]. Risk
- this action to be taken in the hope of a happy outcome on a "lucky
- unlucky". Of course, the risk can be avoided that simply
avoid activities associated with risk. However, for the
entrepreneur, according B.C.Stupakova, GS Tokarenko, avoid risk
often constitute a waiver of possible profit [4, p. 49]. Risk
can be controlled, ie, use a variety of measures to a certain
extent, to predict the risk events and take action to reduce risks.
The effectiveness of the risk management organization is largely
determined by the risk classification. risk
situation - a situation in which the probability of occurrence of
the events can be defined, ie in this case, there is an opportunity
to objectively assess the likelihood of events that may have an
impact on the technical and economic indicators of production. The
main sources of risk are: 1)
the unpredictability, spontaneity of natural processes and
phenomena; 2)
an accident of social processes; 3)
the presence of the opposing trends clash of conflicting interests
in market conditions; 4)
the unpredictable nature of scientific and technological progress. The
essence of risk, as well as any economic category, is shown in its
functions. In this paper, MG Lapusta, LG Sharshukovoy "Risks in
business" the following risk features are: innovation,
regulatory, protective and analysis [2, p. 45]. Innovative
risk function performs a stimulating search of unconventional ways
of solving problems faced by the entrepreneur. In the international
business practice has accumulated positive experience of innovative
risk management. Most firms, companies succeed and become
competitive through innovative economic activities related to the
risk. The
regulatory function is inconsistent and appears in two forms: the
destructive and creative. entrepreneur
risk, as a rule, is focused on obtaining significant results in
unconventional ways. Thereby, it allows you to overcome the
conservatism, dogmatism, conservatism, psychological barriers to
promising innovations. The
creative form of regulatory risk function is manifested in the fact
that the ability to take risks - one of the ways to the success of
the enterprise. However,
the risk can be a manifestation of workers' discontent, if the
decision is made unnecessarily. In this case it acts as a risk
factor destabilizing. Protective
risk function is manifested in the fact that if the risk for the
entrepreneur - a natural state, the normal should be tolerant
attitude to failure. apply
various techniques to reduce the level of risk. The most common are: 1.
diversification; 2.
The acquisition of additional information on selecting and results; 3.
limitation; 4.
The self-insurance; 5.
insurance; The
risk of the economy is defined as the probability (threat) now
losing some of their resources, revenue, or the appearance of
additional costs resulting from the implementation of specific
operational and financial performance [3, p. 33]. In
the West, even in the relatively stable economic conditions,
economic entities is seriously concerned with risk management. At
the same time in the Russian economy, where factors of economic
instability and without complicating effective management of
enterprises, problems of analysis and management of complex risks
that arise in the course of their economic activity, given the
apparent lack of attention. Until recently, such a situation
prevailed not only in the enterprises of the real sector of the
economy, but also in financial and credit institutions. According to
E. Stanislavchik, close attention to the issue of risk management
has been given only after the financial crisis, which clearly
outlined the acuteness of this problem in Russia [3, p. 34]. In
the real economy, which is characterized by long-term projects, lack
of investment, low turnover, and return on assets, the relatively
low level of economic literacy of administrative staff, the
situation is changing slowly. This leads to inefficient management
of financial flows, the lack of forecasting the results of financial
and economic activity, an erroneous strategic planning of enterprise
development. Risk
management methods are very diverse. From the current practice at
the moment can be seen quite clearly that the Russian experts, on
the one hand, and Western researchers - on the other hand, have
developed is quite clear preferences for methods of risk management.
The presence of such preferences is primarily due to the nature of
the economic development of the state and, as a consequence,
considered risk groups. However, the development of economic
relations in Russia contributes to the spread of Western experience,
resulting in a convergence of Russian and Western approaches to the
management and investigation of risks. The
choice of the optimal policy aimed at reducing the risk, is solved
in the framework of microeconomic theory. The corresponding result
reads: optimal risk management policy should be such that the
marginal cost of implementation of this policy consistent with the
marginal utility, delivered its application [2]. However, due to
significant information requirements this principle difficult to
implement in practice. In fact, it takes a more simple criteria such
as minimum cost of risk reduction measures to an acceptable level. In
specific cases, the choice of risk reduction resources depends on
his predictions. Thus, well-known, common risks can be reduced with
the help of specially developed preventive measures. For example,
the risk of losing part of the company's assets as a result of theft
can be reduced by setting the alarm in warehouses, to improve the
current system of accounting and control the storage and use of
wealth. Foreseeable, but poorly controlled risks can be reduced
through diversification of production and use of a reserve supply of
system resources. Each
of these risk-reduction tool has both some advantages and
disadvantages, so generally use a combination of these instruments
"suppression" of risks. The
development of risk management science largely viewed from the
perspective of the risks of financial institutions in a relatively
stable economic environment. The need to consider the risks of
industrial enterprises in the unstable political, economic and
social conditions require adjustments to the current principles of
risk management and further justification effectiveness of the risk
analysis methods [4, p. 80]. Currently,
there are two theory approach to determining the risk. In the first
approach (Lapusta MG, Sharshukova LG) are based on the outcome of
the event, and the risk is considered as an opportunity or a threat
of rejection of the results of specific decisions or actions of the
expected [2, p. 112]. The second approach (Stanislavchik E.)
considered himself the risk of the phenomenon as an action aimed at
achieving specific goals related to the elements of danger, threat
of loss or failure [3, p. 33]. The
main objective of risk management systems in any field is the most
effective use of science and the limited funds available to make the
results of the most predictable (that is, as far as possible to
reduce uncertainty about the results of the data). Analyzing
the risk structure, it is possible to identify the main ways to
change (ie. E. Control) due to the impact on the individual elements
of risk. Removing at least one basic element entails the risk of
extinction. By reducing the probability of a transition between the
elements or the severity of the consequences, you can reduce the
risk. In
fact, studies show B.C.Stupakova and GS Tokarenko, one of the main
causes of ineffective risk management is the lack of clear and
precise methodological foundations of this process. A study cited in
the literature of the principles of risk management haphazard and
piecemeal, and individual attempts to systematize the inherent set
of controversial issues [4, p. 9]. All
of the above leads to the conclusion that in order to effectively
analyze all the variety of risks in the enterprise need to apply a
set of methods, which, in turn, confirms the relevance of developing
an integrated risk management framework. In
today's economic conditions, characterized by political, economic
and social instability that exists in the enterprise management
system must include a mechanism for risk management. The
first stage of the formation mechanism of risk management at the
company is to provide risk management services. At the present stage
of development of the Russian economy the purpose of this service is
to minimize losses by monitoring the activity of the enterprise,
analysis of all the factors riskoobrazuyuschih, make recommendations
to mitigate risks and control over their implementation. It is
important to determine the place of service in the organizational
structure of the enterprise, to define the rights and
responsibilities of its personnel and to inform employees about the
service functions and the nature of its activity [4, p. 55]. The
final stage of the development program is to develop a set of
measures to reduce risks with an indication of the intended effect
of their implementation, implementation deadlines, sources of
funding and the persons responsible for the implementation of this
program. The program must be approved by management and taken into
account in the financial and operational planning [5, p. 116]. In
the process of implementation of the program of risk management
services professionals need to analyze the effectiveness of the
decisions taken and, where necessary to ensure the adjustment of
goals and means to minimize the risks. It is recommended to
accumulate all the information about errors and shortcomings of the
program of development that emerged in the course of its
implementation. This approach will allow for the development of
subsequent programs of measures to reduce risks to a level of
quality using the new acquired knowledge about the risk [6]. In
conclusion, we emphasize that the mechanism of enterprise risk
management in the current economic conditions should have a clear
hierarchical structure with the need to adjust it according to the
results of the program of measures to reduce risks and taking into
account the varying impacts. The
analysis of works of domestic and foreign research theory and risk
minimization practices, current status and trends of the national
economy, the problems and peculiarities of the activity of the real
sector enterprises proves the relevance and timeliness of the
development of enterprise risk management mechanism in the current
economic conditions and leads to the conclusion about the necessity
of its implementation in practice the activities of financial and
economic departments of economic entities. Conclusion.
The aim of the work was achieved, it was determined the risk is an
integral part of business. The risk is estimated as the probability
of losses arising from or additional costs, or reduce the amount of
output against the expected. Completely eliminate the risk within
the market system will never succeed. Risk
management in the evaluation and predictive calculation requires
knowledge of the classification of types of risk that vary by time
factors, the area of origin, taking into account the nature.
In carrying out entrepreneurial activity is important not to avoid
risk, and try to reduce it, to relate to each other possible losses
and profits. To this end, it is important to be able to calculate
the probability of high-risk operations as well as potential losses
from risk. For
risk prediction used a variety of methods, combined in the following
groups: statistical methods; feasibility study costs; analytical;
analogy method; method of expert evaluations and expert systems.
What unites these methods is that they operate on the specific risk
of deterministic values and calculations do not take into
account the random component of the evolution of the economic
situation. To
solve the problem of the formation of the resource base of the bank
is necessary to intensify efforts to increase the number of
contributors. Therefore, banks need to develop competent deposit
policy, which is based on the attraction of financial resources put
from other sources and maintaining the balance of liabilities to
assets on terms, volumes and interest rates. Accounting
for financial risks to become an integral part of the production
process, often affecting the very direction of its development. The
use of financial instruments when determining the right risks,
avoids possible negative consequences in volatile market conditions.
- исследовать понятие криминалистического отождествления пули;
- рассмотреть общие правила изъятия пули;
- изучить общие и частные признаки каналов ствола;
- установить факторы, влияющие на отображение признаков канала на пуле;
- исследовать образцы и виды патронов;
- определить системы и модели оружия;
- уметь проанализировать результаты экспериментальной стрельбы;
- исследовать способы получения развёртки пуль;
- определить правила работы с исследуемой и экспериментальной пулей, сравнение оценки результатов и фотографирование.
Объектом исследования являются свойства и признаки нарезного огнестрельного оружия как важный и необходимый элемент в идентификации огнестрельного оружия по следам на пулях в практике расследования и раскрытия преступлений.
Соответственно предметом исследования выступают фактические данные, получаемые при идентификации нарезного огнестрельного оружия по следам на пулях.
Методологическую базу исследования составляют диалектический метод научного познания, метод системного анализа, а также логический, сравнительно-правовой, статистический, конкретно-социологический и другие частные методы исследования.
Нормативную базу настоящего исследования составили Конституция Российской Федерации, Федеральный закон «О государственной судебно-экспертной деятельности в Российской Федерации», Постановление Пленума Верховного Суда РФ «О судебной практике по делам о хищении, вымогательстве и незаконном обороте оружия, боеприпасов, взрывчатых веществ и взрывных устройств», инструкция о порядке контрольного отстрела огнестрельного оружия с нарезным стволом и ряд других нормативно-правовых актов.
Цель и задачи определили структуру работы, которая состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения и списка использованных источников и литературы.