19. Ways and methods of translating

1. Literal translation

2. Transcoding

3. Verbal translating

4. Word for word translating

5. The interlinear method of translating

6. Literary proper and literary artistic translation

7. Machine and computer based translation

A positive aspect of literal translation is revealed in rendering separate words, whose surface form and structure as well as their lexical meaning in the SL and TL fully coincide.

In their respect literal translation provides an equivalent rendering of the lexical meaning of the source language units.

Negative aspects of literary translation consists in rendering done according to formal or graphic / phonetic similarity of the English and Ukrainian words and phrases without considering their differences in meaning.

By etymologic literalism we understand imaginary correspondences, which are called translator’s false friends. Cases of semantic literalism are represented by the most general familiar meaning of the word or phrase instead of its concrete meaning.

There is a method of translating in the process of which the sounding and orthographical form of the word is conveyed by means of TL letters.

Transcoding is subdivided into transcription and transliteration.

Transcription is when the sounding is conveyed by TL letters.

Transliteration is when the graphic form is conveyed by target language letters

Mixed transcoding is used for rendering terminology. Adapted transcoding is when the form of the TL word is partly adapted to phonetic or grammatical structure of the TL (e.g. zoology).

Verbal translating conveys only the denotated meaning of the SL units and retains neither their orthographic nor sounding form.

It can be performed adequately on the word level, not phraseological units or idioms.

20. Grammatical problems in translation

Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature, its common and most general meaning being mostly associated with the action or process of rendering/expressing the meaning/content of a source language word, word-group, sentence or passage (larger text) in the target language or with the result of the process/action of rendering. In other words with the work performed by the translator. The importance of translating in the modern society has long been recognized. Practically not a single contact at the international level or even between any two foreign persons speaking different languages can be established or maintained without the help of translators.

The task of a translator is to render the message of the original in the most full way, so that to be able to attain structural similarity of the source and target texts. If the syntactic similarity is missing we observe a transformation (any change of the source text at the syntactic level during translation). In fulfilling this task he/she faces a number of problems such as: ambiguity, problems that arise from structural and lexical differences between languages, multiword units like idioms and collocations and, of course, a large number of grammatical problems.