8. The main types of translating

There are some criteria for classifying translation:

The first one is based on who does the translation. These days translation may be done by a human translator or by computer. Form of speech: according to this criterion, translation as a written form, sighttranslation (or translation-at-sight, on-sight translation) as the oral translationof written text, and interpreting as oral translation of oral discourse aredifferentiated. This criterion also involves subtitling, that is visual translationinvolving the superimposition of written text onto the screen, and dubbing, or the replacement of the original speech by a voice track which attempts tofollow as closely as possible the timing, phrasing and lip movements of theoriginal dialogue.

Source text perception

: a translator can see or hear the text. 

Time lapse between the source text perception and translation:

consecutiveand simultaneous interpreting. 

Number of languages in translation situation:

one-way or two-way translation.

Direction of translation:

direct translation, that is, translation into the mother-tongue, and inverse translation, or translation into a foreign language.

Methods of interpreting:

note-taking interpretation, phrase-by-phraseinterpretation8)

Functional style and genre of the text:

literary works and informative texts.

9. Strict, Adequate and Free Translating.

Adequate translation is good translation, as it provides communicationin full. Equivalent translation is the translation providing the semantic identity of the target and source texts.

Two texts may be equivalent in meaning but notadequate, for example:

 Никитa грозил: « Покажу Тебе кузькину мать.» – Nikita threatened , “I’ll put the fear of God into you!”

The Russian sentence is low colloquial, whereas theEnglish one, though it describes a similar situation, has another stylistic overtone, arather pious one

Free translation is the reproduction of the source form and content in a looseway. This concept means adding extra elements of information or losing someessential ones.

10. Descriptive translation.

Descriptive Translation Studies as a scholarly activity as well as a branch of the discipline, having immediate consequences for issues of both a theoretical and applied nature. Methodological discussions are complemented by an assortment of case studies of various scopes and levels, with emphasis on the need to contextualize whatever one sets out to focus on.

Part One deals with the position of descriptive studies within TS and justifies the author's choice to devote a whole book to the subject. Part Two gives a detailed rationale for descriptive studies in translation and serves as a framework for the case studies comprising Part Three. Concrete descriptive issues are here tackled within ever growing contexts of a higher level: texts and modes of translational behaviour — in the appropriate cultural setup; textual components — in texts, and through these texts, in cultural constellations. Part Four asks the question: What is knowledge accumulated through descriptive studies performed within one and the same framework likely to yield in terms of theory and practice?This is an excellent book for higher-level translation courses.