ТПП

1. Theory of Translating: Object and Aims.

The aim of LTT is to reveal and describe the most common,typical and repetitive objective regularities of translation process,the aims of LTT analysis are varied and depend on its division into several branches: a) general- gen regularities b) particular (genres & types, oral-written;partic SL & TL problems.important aspect in the object of LTT which presupposes a contrastive study of SL and TL speech events that is a SLT and a TLT underlying a scientific

description if translation process viewed as an interlanguage transformation.

2. Translating as Version of Interlingual and Cultural Communication.

The problem of relations between language, culture and speaker is one of the fundamental problems in modern linguistics. This problem is defined by many researchers as “anthropological”. Language is a reflexion of an ethnic group’s culture, a means of transmitting cultural values through generations and the major tool of cognition. As language sets the parameters of human perception of the world and stereotypes of daily behavior, any linguistic research in the field of language semantics deals with the interrelations of the concepts of language, culture, and personality.

Along with that, the globalization of cultures actualizes the concept of intercultural communication. In many areas, such as linguistics, literary criticism, culture studies, sociology, psychology, new researches are devoted to the problem of intercultural communication. The political and social situation in the modern world generates the problem of adequate communication, but speaking about adequacy is possible only under condition of full mutual understanding of the representatives of different cultures speaking in different languages. In S. Ter-minasova’s opinion, communication is a dialogue act, connection between two and more individuals which is, first of al, based on mutual understanding.

3. The General, Private and Special Theories of translating.

The theoretical branch of translation includes the general translation theory and partial (special) translation theories . The latter may be medium restricted (i.e. theories of human translation as opposed to machine translation, or written translation as opposed to oral interpreting), area restricted (i.e. restricted to specific linguistic or cultural group), rank restricted (dealing with specific linguistic ranks or levels), text type restricted (i.e. Bible translation), time restricted (i.e. translating texts from an older period) , or problem restricted (i.e. translation of metaphors or idioms). Theoretical translation or general translation theory uses the results of descriptive translation studies to discover principles, form theories and establish models which will serve to explain and predict what translating and translations are and will be.

Partial theories of translation:

• Medium-restricted theories subdivide according to translation by human and machine, with addditional subdivisions according to whether the translation is spoken or written or whether it is consecutive or simultaneous.

• Area-restricted thoeries are restricted to specific languages or cultures.

• Rank-restricted theories are restricted to a specific level of the word or sentance.

• Text-type restricted theories analyze specific discourse types or genres e.g. literary texts, technical writings, etc.

• Time-restricted theories refer to theories limited to specific time frames and periods.

• Problem-restricted theories refer to specific problems such as equivalence or whether universals of translated language exist.