In English

If I knew that before, I would

come.

If I had known that before, I

would have come.

Were she at home then, she

would come.

Had I known that before, I would

have come.

In Ukrainian Якби я знав це раніше, я б прийшов.

Якби я був знав це раніше, я був би прийшов.

Була б вона в той час удома, вона

прийшла б.Знав би я був це раніше, я був би прийшов.

23. The category of Voice: passive voice in English and Ukrainian

The category of voice can be defined as the one showing whether the source of action lies with the subject of the sentence or not.

In both lang. the communicative reason for using passive is the same – the doer is unknown or we prefer not to mention him.

Isomorphic is the analytical way of expression of this morphological category (with the help of auxiliary verb to be + past participle).

Allomorfic are forms of expressing passive voice synthetically that is observed in Ukr: by means of inflections of past participle, postfixes сь/ся, participles –но, -то

English – more passive: in Ukr only direct subject can form passive,more verbs in Eng that allow to use passive.

24. Elucidate approaches to Classification of sentences in eng and ukr.

The sentence is the immediate integral unit of speech built up words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose.

From the point of view of their structure sentences can be divided into: two-membered (double-nucleus); one-membered (single-nucleus); complete; incomplete; simple; composite (compound, complex).

Simple sentences. Two-membered sentence contains two principle parts - the subject and the predicate. (Fleur had established immediate contact with an architect).

A two-membered sentence can be complete and incomplete. It is complete when it has a subject and a predicate (Young John could not help smiling). It is incomplete when one of the principal parts or both of them are missing, but can be easily understood from the context. Such sentences are called elliptical and they are mostly used in colloquial speech and especially in dialogue (Where were you yesterday? At the cinema).

One-membered sentence have only one principal part (Dusk - of a summer night).

Simple sentences, both two-membered and one-membered can be unextended and extended. A sentence consisting only of the primary or principle parts is called an unextended sentence. She is a student. Birds fly. Winter!

An extended sentence is a sentence consisting of the subject, predicate and one or more secondary parts (objects, attributes, adverbial modifiers). The two native woman stole furtive glances at Sarie.

Composite sentence is formed by two or more predicative groups. Being a polypredicative construction, it expresses a complicated thought reflecting two or more elementary situational events.

Each predicative unit in a composite sentence makes up a clause in it that corresponds to a separate sentence as a part of a contextual sequence.

Composite sentence displays two principal types of the connection of clauses - subordination and coordination.

According to the traditional view, all composite sentences are to be classed into:

compound sentences (coordinating their clauses),

complex (subordinating their clauses)

A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. In a compound sentence the clauses may be connected:

syndetically, i.e. by means of coordinating conjunctions (and, or, else, but, etc.) or conjunctive adverbs (otherwise, however, nevertheless, yet, still, therefore, etc.)

E.g. The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighted.

2) asyndetically, i.e. without a conjunction or conjunctive adverb.

E.g. The rain fell softly, the house was quiet.

The main semantic relations between the clauses connected coordinativety are copulative, adversative, disjunctive, casual, consequental, resultative.

A complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordinating.

25. Translation: Basic Definitions

Translation is a human activity known since ancient times and an interpreter or translator is among the oldest professions dating back to the biblical era and earlier. Usually when people speak about translation or even write about it in special literature they are seldom specific about the meaning. The presumption is quite natural – everybody thinks that they understand the meaning of the word. However, to describe and study translation intuitive understanding is not sufficient –what one needs is a definition.

Translation is a recreation of the original by means of another language with the retained unity of form and content.

Translation is creative activity of the language with the aim to acquaint the reader of the content of the text.

Translation is a replacement of the representation of the text in one language by the representation of the equivalent text in another language.

T. is the transfer of the meaning from one language into another.