13. Varieties of Scientific Style of speech.

14. Academic style in writing and speaking.

15. Style-forming prosodic features of Scientific Style.

Academic – style of lectures (conferences, seminars). Loudness increased; pauses are rather long; rhythm is properly organized; high proportion of compound terminal tones (high fall + low rise, fall-rise, rise-fall-rise), a great number of high categorical falls;

Academic style is often described as both intellectual and volitional. It is determined by the purpose of the communication as the speaker's aim is to attract the listener's attention, to establish close contacts with the audience and to direct the public attention to the message carried in the contents of the text.

It is useful in academic and educational lectures, scientific discussions, at the conferences, seminars and in classes. As the users of the style are interested in the involvement of the audience into the talk, this intonational style tends to be concerned and rather emotional.

There are following features of scientific intonational style:

1. A scientific text read aloud in public in front of a fairly-sized audience conveys both intellectual and volitional information.

2. A lecturer always sounds self-assured, authoritative, instructive and edifying, because any scientific style talk should be well prepared and is often even rehearsed by a trained lecturer.

3. A scientific style talk presenter sounds much louder than an informational style reader as any public oration is produced face to face with a fairly-sized audience.

4. The prosodic features are rather varied as intonation correlates the lecturer's attempts to get his meaning across clearly and to obtain the balance between formality and informality. This variety is created by:

a) The alternation of pauses, types of heads, pitch levels and terminal tones.

b) The ample use of variations and contrasts of the tempo to help the listener to differentiate between the more and less important parts of the overall flow of speech. The speaker normally slows down when he introduces rules, terms, laws etc.

5. The rhythmical organization of a scientific text is properly balanced by the alternation of all prosodic features which gives the acoustic impression of "rhythmicality".

6. High falling and falling-rising terminal tones are widely used as a means of both logical and contrastive emphasis.

16. Language means of the Scientific Style.

17. Paralinguistics as a science.

a branch of linguistics studying sound features that accompany speech but do not pertain to language., Paralinguistics studies, for example, loudness of speech, uncodified variations in intonation, the distribution of pauses, and sounds used to fill pauses, such as mmm … in Russian or “hmm …” in English. These may add emphasis or shades of meaning to what people say. 

The concept of paralinguistics was introduced in the late 1940’s by the American linguist A. Hill, In a broader interpretation, paralinguistics includes kinesics, the study of the facial expressions and gestures in relation to communication. In addition, paralinguistics is studied for the practical reasons of determining how various speech techniques influence listeners and of identifying emotional states through speech.

18. Paralinguistic peculiarities of Scientific Style.

19. Publicistic Style as a phonetic style.

The style is often called “oratorial”, because it serves for many kinds of oratorical activities. These performances are used for the purpose of imposing the speaker’s ideas on listeners.

P.S is called volitional and desiderative. Its manifestation can be heard in political, judicial, oratorical speeches, meeting, debates, and sermons.

P.S. speeches are never spontaneous.

The purpose of oratorial exercises is to stimulate, inspire the listeners, to arouse enthusiasm in them, the kinesics’ accompaniment – facial expressions, bodily movements is important component. The proper response of the audience inspires the speaker and stimulates him to deliver an even more successful task.

P.S. speeches usually go smoothly without hesitation devices.

20. Veraieties of  Publicistic Style of speech.

21. Publicistic Style in writing and speaking.

22. Style-making prosodic features of Publicistic Style.

Publicistic (oratorical). Phonostylistics characteristics: Loudness enormously increased; pauses are definitely long between the passages; rhythm is properly organized; tones mostly emphatic, especially emotionally underlined semantic centers, in non-final intonational groups falling-rising tones are frequent;

It is marked by its dignified slowness, careful articulation and impressive resonance on the most important communicative centres, and properly rhythmically organization.

The loudness is enormously increased, pauses definitely long between the passages.

P. speakers are usually very enthusiastic about what they say and how they say, so they may go to extremes by enormously increasing the loudness and alternative it with whisper or by pronouncing very long breath groups and suddenly interrupt the phonation by using the rhetorical silence.

23. Paralinguistic peculiarities of Publicistic Style.

24. Language means of the Publicistic Style.

25. Declamatory Intonational Style.

26. Varieties of  Declamatory Style of speech.

27. Style-forming features in Declamatory Style.

28. The prosodic characteristics of Reading Poetry.

29. The prosodic characteristics of Reading Prose.

This style is also called “artistic or stage”, because it is a highly emotional and expressive intonational style which needs special training.

This D.S. can be heard on the stage, on the screen in a TV studio. It is always a written form of the language read aloud or recited.

The prosodic organisation of such texts will vary greatly, depending on the type of the theoretical performance – tragedy, drama, comedy and social factors – the social and cultural background of the play characters.

Distancing posture gesture, facial expression and timing –all these facets of their art are as important as the delivery of words themselves.

The prosodic organization of the D. Reading depends on the type of the literary text: descriptive, narrative, dialogue; on the character of described events, schemes and objects and on the skills of the reader.

On the prosodic level the markers of the declamatory style reading are:

• Slow tempo, caused by the rate of utterances and prolonged pauses, especially at the passage boundaries.

• Stable rhythmicality

• The use of the falling terminal tones in initial intonation groups the increase of their range with the emphasis.

30. The common prosodic characteristics of Intonational Styles.