- •Английский язык для студентов энергетического факультета учебное пособие
- •Introduction
- •Words and word combinations:
- •C ontinuous, or analog signal
- •Discontinuous, or digital signals
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Telephone lines
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Unsheathed copper wires – не обшитые медные провода
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •The development of cables
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •The Atlantic telegraph cable
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •The spread of telephone cables
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text. Text 7 Recent developments
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Retell the text.
- •Types of cables
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Conductors – проводники
- •Interference occurs when a conductor picks up stray electricity from other conductors or from the air. Insulation is made from such multiconductor materials as plastic and paper pulp.
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Coaxial cables
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Coaxial cables – коаксиальный кабель
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 10
- •Fiber optics
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 11
- •Asynchronous and Synchronous
- •Transmission
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Asynchronous Transmission
- •Synchronous Data Transmission
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 12
- •Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Traffic
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 13
- •Data Transmission Media
- •Words and word combinations:
- •To get from here to there – доставлять от сюда туда
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 14
- •Microwave Systems
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 15
- •Satellite System
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 16
- •Data communications Hardware
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Modems Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 17
- •Multiplexers, Concentrators, and Controllers
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Transmission without multiplexer
- •Transmission with multiplexer
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 18
- •Front-End Processors
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Protocol and Protocol Converters
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 19
- •Communications Networks: Connectivity
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 20
- •Network configurations
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 21
- •Star Network
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Bus network
- •Ring Network Words and word combinations:
- •Ring network
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text.
- •Text 23
- •Token Ring Network
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Say if the following sentences are true or false.
- •Token ring network
- •3. Insert missing words, use the text’s vocabulary:
- •4. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •5. Retell the text. Text 24 Communications Services,
- •Words and word combinations:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Translate these sentences into your native language:
- •3. Retell the text.
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary
- •1.Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3.Give the definitions.
- •4. Put questions to the following sentences
- •Text 2 Electric Charge
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Give the definitions.
- •4. Put questions to the following sentences
- •Vocabulary.
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Give the definitions.
- •4. Put questions to the following sentences
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3.Give the definitions.
- •4. Put questions to the following sentences
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3.Give the definitions.
- •4. Put questions to the following sentences
- •Exercises
- •1 .Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •Exercises
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •Text 8 Light. How Light Works
- •Vocabulary.
- •Exercises:
- •Text 9 Ways of Thinking about Light
- •Exercises:
- •Text 10 What is Light?
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •Text 11 Frequencie
- •Vocabulary
- •So light waves come in a continuous variety of sizes, frequencies and energies. We refer to this continuum as the electromagnetic spectrum. Exercises:
- •Text 12
- •Exercises:
- •Text 13 Electrical network Design methods
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4. Give the Definitions.
- •5. Retell the text. Text 14 Electrical laws
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases:
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4. Retell the text. Text 15 Network simulation software
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •4. Retell the text. Text 16 Electrical conduction. Solids
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises:
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4. Give the definitions.
- •5. Retell the text. Text 17 Metals
- •Vocabulary.
- •Exercises
- •Text 18 Semiconductors. Superconductors
- •Text 19 Electrolytes
- •1.Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3.Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4.Retell the text. Text 20 Gases and plasmas
- •Vocabulary.
- •1. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3. Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4.Retell the text. Text 21: Vacuum.
- •Vocabulary
- •1.Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases.
- •3.Put questions to the following sentences.
- •4.Give the definitions.
- •5.Retell the text.
- •Grammar reference
- •Participle II.
- •Причастие II
- •The Present Perfect tense Настоящее время группы Perfect
- •3.Употребление
- •The Past Perfect tense. Прошедшее совершенное время
- •Формы глагола в Past Perfect
- •Future Perfect tense. Будущее совершенное время
- •Формы глагола в Future Perfect tense
- •Complex Object. Конструкция ”сложное дополнение”
- •The Passive Voice Страдательный залог
- •Косвенный пассив
- •Предложный пассив
- •Infinitive of the Passive Voice Инфинитив страдательного залога
- •Sequence of Tenses (Согласование времен)
- •Reported speech. Косвенная речь.
- •Reported Questions Вопросы в косвенной речи
- •Subjunctive mood. Сослагательное наклонение
- •Образование форм сослагательного наклонения.
- •Употребление сослагательного наклонения.
- •Conditional sentences. Условные предложения
- •Interrogative sentences. Вопросительные предложения
- •Специальный вопрос.
- •Альтернативный вопрос.
- •Разделительный вопрос.
- •Linking words. (1) Слова – связки (1)
- •E.G.: I wake up at 7.00 and I switch on the radio.
- •Linking words (2) Слова – связки (2)
- •The Infinitive.
- •I heard him sing – я слышал, как он поет.
- •Инфинитивные формы времени и залога.
- •Употребление инфинитива.
- •Инфинитив как член предложения.
- •The Gerund. Герундий. Герундиальные формы времени и залога.
- •Употребление герундия.
- •Герундий как член предложения.
- •Irregular verbs
- •Bibliograhpy
The Gerund. Герундий. Герундиальные формы времени и залога.
Герундий представляет собой неличную форму глагола, выражающую дополнительное по отношению к глаголу-сказуемому действие и обладающую как свойствами глагола. Герундий имеет формы времени и залога:
|
Действительный залог (Active voice) |
Страдательный залог (Passive voice) |
Indefinite Perfect |
reading having read |
being read having been read |
Употребление герундия.
Active Indefinite Gerund чаще всего обозначает действие, которое выполняет лицо – подлежащее предложения – и которое одновременно действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым, или следует за ним:
e.g.: I like reading. - Мне нравиться читать.
There was no way of avoiding it. - Этого нельзя было избежать.
Иногда Indefinite Gerund может выражать предшествующее действие:
после глаголов to remember, to forget, to thank, to excuse;
после некоторых предлогов-
e.g.: I can still remember running after her. - Я все еще помню, как я бежал за ней.
On reading the newspaper he had dinner. - После того как он прочитал газету, он пообедал.
Active Perfect Gerund образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме having и третьей формы смыслового глагола. Он употребляется, чтобы выразить действие, которое предшествует действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым, или описываемой ситуации:
e.g.: I am sure of having seen this film before.- Я уверена, что видела этот фильм раньше.
I am tired of having worked the whole day.- Я устал от того, что работал весь день.
Passive Gerund образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме being и третьей формы смыслового глагола. Он называет действие, которое испытывает лицо или предмет, обозначенный подлежащим предложения. Если это действие предшествует главному действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым, то используется Perfect Passive Gerund; если это действие одновременно главному, то используется Indefinite Passive Gerund:
e.g.: I like being invited to their house.- Мне нравится, что меня приглашают к ним домой.
I enjoyed having been taken to the festival. – Мне было приятно, что меня взяли на праздник.
Герундий как член предложения.
В предложении герундий может являться следующими членами предложения:
1. Подлежащее |
Reading a good book is a pleasure. |
Чтение хорошей книги- удовольствие. |
2. Часть составного именного глагольного сказуемого |
I began reading this book yesterday. |
Я начал читать эту книгу вчера. |
3. Часть составного именного сказуемого |
My task is reading this book. |
Мое задание- прочитать эту книгу. |
4. Дополнение |
I like reading good books. |
Мне нравиться читать хорошие книги. |
5. Определение |
We like his idea of reading this book together. |
Нам понравилось его идея прочитать эту книгу вместе. |
6. Обстоятельство |
On reading this book I gave it to Mike. |
Прочитав книгу, я отдал ее Майку. |
Герундий употребляется, как правило, после глаголов, существительных, прилагательных, за которыми следует предлог, а также после глаголов, выражающих начало, длительность, конец действия (to begin, to start, to continue, to go on, to stop, etc.), и глаголов, выражающих предпочтение и неприязнь к чему-либо (to like, to enjoy, to love, to hate, to dislike, etc.)