4. Review the rules of forming degrees of comparison of adjectives. Write the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives:

Early, prominent, widespread, religious, primitive, small.

4. Pay attention to the difference in the meaning and peculiarities of usage of the words habit, practice, usage, custom, wont. Translate the examples.

Words like habit, practice, usage, custom, wont mean a way of acting fixed through repetition.

Habit implies doing something unconsciously and often compulsively, e.g. He had a habit of tapping his fingers.

Practice suggests an act or method followed with regularity and usually through choice, e.g. Our practice is to honor all major credit cards.

Usage refers to the way in which something is used on a regular basis, e.g. Western-style dress is now common usage in international business.

Custom is something that is done by people in a particular society because it is traditional, often having the force of unwritten law, e.g. The custom of wearing black at funerals.

Wont (old-fashioned) refers to a habitual manner, method, or practice of an individual or group, e.g. As was her wont, she slept until noon.

4. Make up the sentences using the verbs in the appropriate forms.

Civil law Common law Muslim law Customary law Mixed law

to base on to apply in to derive from to be in force to be found to combine

the customs of the community. as “primitive law”, “folk law”. religion. as European Continental law. Roman Law. in nearly 80 countries. judge-made laws. in nearly 150 countries. elements of several types of legal systems.

4. Translating the words in brackets read the passage which contains additional information on the topic:

Civil law is sometimes referred to as neo-Roman law, Romano-Germanic law or Continental law. The expression civil law is a translation of Latin jus civile,* or “citizens’ law”, which was the former imperial term for its (правова система), as opposed to the laws governing conquered peoples (jus gentium)*.

Civil law is a legal system inspired by (Римське право), the primary feature of which is that laws are written into a collection, codified, and not as in (прецедентне право) determined by judges.

Conceptually, it is the group of legal ideas and systems derived from the (Кодекс Юстиніана), but overlaid by Germanic, ecclesiastical, feudal, and local practices. Civil law holds (законодавство) as the primary source of law.

The principle of civil law is to provide all citizens with an accessible and written (збірка законів) which applies to them and which judges must (дотримуватися). It is (найбільш поширений тип правових систем світу) and oldest surviving legal system in the world. Colonial expansion spread (романо-германська правова система) and (Європейське континентальне право) has been adopted in much of Latin America as well as in parts of Asia and Africa.

A prominent example of civil law would be the Napoleonic Code (1804).

*Notes: Jus gentium – право народів;

Jus civile – внутрішньодержавне, цивільне право.