
- •2. Vocabulary as a system
- •2.The growth of the English vocabulary
- •4.The origin of the English words: Native word-stock
- •5.The origin of the English words: Borrowings (Source and origin. Donor languages. Etymological doublets and hybrids
- •6.The origin of the English words: Borrowings (Borrowed aspects).
- •7.The origin of the English words: Assimilation of Borrowings.
- •8.Internationalisms
- •9.Obsolescence: archaic words and historisms
- •10.Coinage of lexical units. Types of neologisms
- •11.Nonce words.
- •12.Types of motivation: onomatopoetic, morphological, semantic, etymological, phraseological.
- •13.Word meaning: Reference, concept, sense. Types of meanings: grammatical vs lexical
- •14.Types of lexical meaning (nominative, syntactically conditioned, phraseologically bound).
- •15.Nominative type of lexical meaning.
- •17.Types of semantic structure
- •18.Polysemantic structure treated diachronically
- •22.Paths of semantic development: types of metonymy
- •23.Semantic change in denotation : extension, restriction, enantiosemy
- •24.Semantic change in connotation: pejoration vs amelioration; emotive intensification. Change in social connotation: register shift
- •25.Types of homonyms: formal aspect
- •26.Semantic aspect of homonymy
- •27.Historical aspect of homonymy (etymological, historical homonyms).
- •28.Sources of homonymy
- •29.Paronymy.
- •30.Antonymy. Types of antonyms
- •31.Types of synonyms
- •32,Taboo. Euphemisms an disphemisms
- •33.Semantic fields. Relations of inclusion
- •34.Stylistically neutral and marked words.
- •36.English phraseology: Structural types.
- •37.English phraseology: Functional types
- •38.Semantic relations in phraseology
- •39.Morpheme as the smallest meaningful unit of form. Types of morphemes. Allomorphs.
- •40.Morphological Structure of English Words
- •41.Types of affixes
- •42.Completives (combining forms) and splinters
- •43.The main structural types of English words.
- •44.Types of compounds
- •45.The main types of word-formation processes
- •2 Major groups of word formation:
- •46.Types of affixation
- •47.Conversion. Types of transposition.
- •49.Composition: types of stem combination.
- •50.Composition: types of stem repetition.
- •51.Types of clipping.
- •52.Abbreviation.
- •53.Reversion and blending.
- •54.Minor types of word-formation: change of stress; sound interchange; sound imitation; lexicalization.
- •56.Types of dictionaries.
- •57.Historical development of British and American lexicography.
- •Divergence in vocabulary: distinctive features in regional varieties of English; groups of regionalisms.
- •Common features of the regional varieties of English: the common core of English; international words.
6.The origin of the English words: Borrowings (Borrowed aspects).
Borrowing - the incorporation of features of one language into another - has been studied by researchers working in a wide range of areas, from a diachronic as well as a synchronic perspective. In a diachronic research tradition that focuses on the historical development and the genetic classification of languages, it is clearly of central importance to be able to distinguish borrowed features from non-borrowed or native features of a language. The importance of the role of lexical and structural borrowing for language change has however only fairly recently been recognised, as until the publication of Thomason and Kaufman’s (1988) book on contact-induced change, historical linguists used to emphasise internal causes of language change. Interest in the synchronic analysis of borrowing emerged towards the turn of the century. The main focus of the synchronic analyses has been to identify the grammatical constraints on borrowing, and to describe the phonological, syntactic and morphological integration of borrowed words. In addition, researchers have tried to delimit borrowing from other language contact phenomena, such as code-switching and transfer, and they have developed different classifications of borrowing. The social correlates of borrowing have received attention in more quantitatively oriented studies. Put differently, researchers have mainly focused on what Weinreich, Herzog and Labov (1968) have called the embedding problem and the constraints problem. The embedding problem, when applied to the study of borrowing, concerns on the one hand the embedding or integration of source language features in the borrowing language. On the other hand, it deals with the embedding of these features in the social structure: to what extent do social factors influence the quantity and the quality of the borrowing process. The constraints problem deals with the question of determining the set of possible borrowings and with the discovery of the structural constraints on the borrowing process. Other questions have received less systematic attention. The actuation problem and the transition problem (how and when do borrowed features enter the borrowing language and how do they spread through the system and among different groups of borrowing language speakers) have only recently been studied. The evaluation problem (the subjective evaluation of borrowing by different speaker groups) has not been investigated in much detail, even though many researchers report that borrowing is evaluated negatively. Apart from the issues raised above, in more recent studies, pragmatic and psycholinguistic aspects of borrowing have been studied in some detail.
aspects of borowing – etymological and synchronic. The etymological aspect fixes a source, time, character, a way and adaptation of a language element (the word, morphemes, phraseological units etc.). The synchronic aspect establishes the word status at some point developments of system of language. Its own, "internal" condition (semantic structure) and its relations (paradigmatic and syntagmatic) with in other words language stories is defined at present.