2. Common features of the regional varieties of English: the common core of English; international words.

3. Native words and loans in regional lexicons.

The processes involved in the linguistic, as contrasted with the social,

assimilation of loanwords are much more specific to the bilingual context.

Thus the gradual phonological integration of loanwords is a type of

process that does not really play a major role in monolingual lexical

innovation, since it necessarily involves other-language elements in a

crucial way. Though it proceeds inexorably as the word becomes widespread

in the community, phonological integration is subject to complex

influences on the level of the individual speaker. On the one hand,

speakers who use widespread loanwords tend to produce them with L1

phonology. On the other, it is the highly bilingual speakers who tend to

use more borrowed tokens and more of each type, including widespread

loans, but it is precisely these speakers who show the least tendency to

shed their source-language phonology. We could not have distinguished

these competing effects without careful statistical analysis of a large data

base. The borrowed lexicon differs from the native vocabulary in the

distribution of grammatical categories as well. Borrowed forms show a

statistically much stronger preference for the category of nouns, though

they are also solidly attested in two other grammatical categories: verbs and adjectives. It is only the most innovative speakers, however, who

significantly exploit the option of borrowing into categories other than

nouns On the syntactic level, integration of borrowings into host-language

patterns is virtually categorical. Integration on the phonological level is

thus the only clear linguistic differentiator of nonce from widespread

borrowing, and that only in a statistical sense. every nonce borrowing has

the potential to become an established loan, but few actually travel the

whole trajectory between these two extremes. The· degree to which this

potential is realized is reflected in at least three types of data - historical

persistence, frequency of use, and degree of phonological integration.

Morphological and syntactic integration are not relevant to this process

of social integration, since they occur at, or in some respects, very soon

after, the stage of nonce borrowing. The interactional, demographic, and

attitudinal factors which determine whether a borrowing will become

widespread are, except at the very beginning when bilingualism plays a

key role, the same sorts of influences which govern the relative frequency

of elements in the lexicon more generally.

In assessing how these factors could account for the variation in the use

of English-origin vocabulary within the Ottawa-Hull community, we first

used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to establish the statistical significance

of their effects on the various components of a borrowing profile and then

examined the significant influences in more detail.

http://samlib.ru/g/gvozdika/lexicology.shtml

http://window.edu.ru/library/pdf2txt/731/67731/41095/page4

http://moineau2007.livejournal.com/2368.html

http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-180203.html