14.Types of lexical meaning (nominative, syntactically conditioned, phraseologically bound).

Meaning – the reverberation in the human consciousness of an object, a quality of extralinguistic reality (a phenomenon, a relation, a quality, a process), which becomes a fact of language because of its constant indissoluble association with the definite linguistic expression. Meaning conveyed by a speaker is the speaker’s communicative intent in using an expression, even if that use departs from the expression’s meaning.

1. Nominative is the basic meaning of a word, which refers to object of extra linguistic reality in a direct way and reflects their actual relations

phraseological bound meaning) – also idiomatic meaning – the meaning which is realized only in some phrases and belongs only to a given collocation – when a word is habitually associated together with another word to form a ‘natural-sounding’ combination: e.g. to raise becomes part of the phrase meaning ‘to show surprise’ in to raise one’s eyebrows (at smb.);

Nominative meaning determined by reality. The direct nominative meaning stand in one-to-one relationship with a word. For instance: “cat”, “table”, “sun”.

Phraseologically bound meaning of words depending on the peculiarities of their usage in a given language, e.g. “to take care”, “to have a smoke”, “to catch cold”. The meanings of the individual words can’t be summed together to produce the meaning of the idiomatic expression.

to kick the bucket = to die

This idiom is opaque (непрозрачный)

To pass the buck = to pass the responsibility

This idiom is semiopaque.

To see the light = to understand

This idiom is transparent.

The word combimation is literal in meaning, because its degree of idiomatic is low it’s called phraseological unit.

Syntactically conditioned meanings of words are those which change with the change of the environment. For instance: “to look” - “to look for” - “to look after”. [18]

15.Nominative type of lexical meaning.

Connotational components in lexical meaning

the connotational component, i.e. the emotive charge and the stylistic value of the word.

connotational component which consist of emotive charge that is one of the objective semantic features proper to words as linguistic units and forms a part of the connotational component of meaning and stylistic reference.part of all words consists of specified words, which are connected with science, technical, medical terms etc. - they have only one meaning. But the rest of the words have two or more meanings. The choice of the necessary word in a sentence depends on the context

Words contain an element of emotive evaluation as part of the connotational

meaning; e.g. a hovel denotes ‘a small house or cottage’ and besides

implies that it is a miserable dwelling place, dirty, in bad repair and in general unpleasant to live in. When examining synonyms large, big, tremendous and like, love, worship or words such as girl, girlie; dear, dearie we cannot fail to observe the difference in the emotive charge of the members of these sets. The emotive charge of the words tremendous,worship and girlie is heavier than that of the words large, like and girl. This does not depend on the “feeling” of the individual speaker but is true for all speakers of English. The emotive charge varies in different wordclasses.

In some of them, in interjections, e.g., the emotive element prevails,

whereas in conjunctions the emotive charge is as a rule practically

non-existent.

The connotational aspect present the attitude of the speaker to what he is speaking about. It’s additional information. EG: 1.) Jack assured us that the play was interesting. 2.) Jack said that for him the play was interesting. In N1 we are absolutely sure that the play is interesting. In N2 our attitude is different: the play is interesting for him, as for the rest we are not sure of that. The connotational aspect includes emotive charge, evaluation, expressiveness and imagery. Emotive charge may be shown by the words notorious. EG: 1.) He is famous for his books! 2.) He is notorious for his goings-on. In the second sentence by using the word “notorious” we disapprove of this person of his behavior.

Evaluation may be positive and negative. EG: aunty (тетушка) dog of a person (плохое поведение)

Expressiveness makes the effect produced on the listener stronger. EG: I saw a large snake. I saw a huge snake (“huge” denote very large. The effect is stranger)

Imagery is connected with our figurative understanding of the situation. EG: the prime-minister of the two countries tried to bridge the gap of misunderstanding, between the two countries.

In most cases all this elements of connotation are linked together, EG: (low col. – снижение разг. речи) You are an ass, Jack (ну и задница ты Джек)