2. Construction

Maintenance

The life of a road structure depends on the quality of its maintenance and minor renovation. Maintenance keeps the roadway safe, provides good driving conditions, and prolongs the life of the pavement, thus protecting the road investment. Maintenance consists of activities concerned with the condition of the pavement, shoulders, drainage, traffic facilities, and right-of-way. It includes the prompt sealing of cracks and filling of potholes to prevent water entering through the surface, the removal of trash thrown on the wayside by the traveling public, and the care of pavement markings, signs, and signals. In rigorous winter climates, substantial effort is required to remove snow and ice from the pavement, to scatter salt for snow and ice removal, and to spread sand for better traction.

In many countries an increasing share of road budgets is being allocated to rehabilitation and maintenance of existing roads, rather than new road construction.

Routine maintenance refers to activities such as grading, grass cutting, drain clearing, pothole patching, and shoulder repairs, which are performed at least yearly if not more frequently. Periodic maintenance activities are typically scheduled over periods of several years and include resurfacing and bridge repairs. Rehabilitation involves more substantial intervention to strengthen a road, repair structural defects, and restore the road to its initial condition, often after it has deteriorated to an "unmaintainable" standard. Rehabilitation sometimes also includes changes or improvements to previous characteristics, for instance, by widening, making small alignment changes, or providing footpaths.

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Other maintenance activities include seasonal maintenance, such as snow clearing and flood repairs, emergency maintenance to reinstate roads after major failures, and the regular upkeep of safety features and road signs.

Construction.

Road construction requires the creation of a continuous right-of-way, overcoming geographic obstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel. Removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, construction of embankments, bridges and tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may involve deforestation) are often needed. A variety of road building equipment is employed in road building.

Once these activities are completed, construction of the pavement can begin.

Firstly the longitudinal and vertical alignment of the road is set out by a surveyor. The alignment of the road will be marked with control pegs. The pegs will have level markings as a control mechanism to ensure the road is constructed to the appropriate design levels.

Construction of the road commences with the stripping of the topsoil, within the road reserve. The topsoil is usually stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed embankments along the road. The in- situ ground will be removed, using a heavy motorised grader to a level specified by the civil engineer. This is considered as the road-bed level. It will be compacted using a heavy vibratory road roller. Once the roadbed has been compacted to the required density (as will be specified by the engineer), the pavement layers can now be imported.

Section IV. Vocabulary:

1. accomplish

2. communication network communication

3. long-distance commercial and passenger

traffic

4. handle

5. deliver

6. freight

7. transfer

8. destination

9. volume

10. network

12. traffic stream

13. framework

14. trunk road

15. to lay out

16. metalled road

17. concerned with

18. severe

19. traffic intensity

20. through any section of a road

21. section

22. stretches of t oad

23. wheel loads

24. overall dimensions

25. combination vehicle

26. pneumatic tyres

27. to do damage

28. class

29. functional classification

30. expenditure

31. shallow gradient

32. steep gradient

33. narrow carriageway

v.совершать, выполнять сеть путей сообщения сообщение, коммуникация, связь, дальние грузовые и пассажирские перевозки

V. перевозить V. отправлять п.груз

п. перегрузка п. место назначения п. объём

п. сеть (система); дорожная сеть транспортный поток п. структура магистральная дорога V. трассировать щебёночное покрытие а. связанный с

а. жёсткий, строгий интенсивность движения через любое сечение дороги

п. сечение; участок участки дороги колесная нггрузка общие размеры автопоезд

пневматические шины наносить ущерб п. категория

техническая классификация

затраты

пологий уклон

крутой уклон

узкая проезжая часть

34. capital cost	стоимость строительства
35. to realize effective performance	осуществлять эффективную
ofvehicles8. maintenance	работу транспортных средств
36. maintenance	п. поддержание
37. in the long run	в конце концов
38. excessive	а. чрезмерно высокий
39. for a number of years	в течение ряда (предстоящих) лет
to come
40. artery	п. магистраль
41. elements of the plan	элементы плана
42. profile	п. профиль (продольный)
43. cross-section	п. поперечный профиль
44.cover	v. охватывать
45. moderate	а. средний, умеренный
46. cohesion	п. сцепление