Задание по английскому языку для студентов заочной формы обучения факультета транспортных коммуникаций (1курс 2 семестр )

1. Письменно перевести и тщательно проработать тексты:

Text A. Highway and Transport System.

Text В. Highway Network.

Text С. Highway Network Planning.

Text D. Characteristic of Highway Traffic.

2. Выполнить все упражнения к текстам.

3. Усвоить грамматический материал:

1. Видо-временные формы глагола:

а) активный залог - формы Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect (Present, Past, Future).

б) пассивный залог - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Модальные глаголы can, may, must и их эквиваленты.

3. Простые неличные формы глагола:

Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства.Герундий (Gerund).

4. Подготовиться к написанию Lexical-Grammar Tests по текстам:

Testl. Functional Classificaton of Highway.

Test II.Freeway.

5. Подготовить устное сообщение:

1. Maintenance.

2. Construction.

P.S.

Для самостоятельной работы по изучению английского языка студенты заочной формы обучения могут пользоваться:

1. Андрианова JI.H. Курс английского языка для вечерних и заочных технических вузов.

2. Электронный словарь Lingvo 12.

Выполненное задание студенты приносят на практическое занятие во время летней сессии (в июне)

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Test 2. Freeway.

A freeway is a type of highway designed for safer high-speed operation of motor vehicles through the elimination of at-grade intersections. Such highways are usually divided with at least two lanes in each direction. Because traffic never crosses at-grade, there are generally no traffic lights or stop signs.

Freeways, by definition, have no cross traffic in the form of other roads or railroads. Elimination of cross traffic is typically achieved with grade separation in the form of underpasses and overpasses. In addition to sidewalks attached to roads that cross a freeway, specialized pedestrian bridges or tunnels may also be provided. These structures enable pedestrians and cyclists to cross the freeway without a long bypass to the nearest motor vehicle crossing. In many areas, travelers using low-powered modes of transportation (such as pedestrians, bicyclists and moped drivers) are banned from freeways. These users are allowed on freeways in some jurisdictions, usually where freeways too often replaced existing roads.

The word "freeway" first appeared in the mid-193Os in proposals for the improvement of the New York City parkway network. It is currently in regular use in the United States, as well as parts of Canada and Australia.

Speed limits are generally higher than on similar non-freeways, and are sometimes nonexistent. Because the high speeds reduce decision time, freeways are usually equipped with a larger number of guide signs than other roads, and the signs themselves are physically larger. In major cities, guide signs are often mounted on overpasses or overhead gantries so that drivers can see where each lane goes.

In most areas, there are public rest areas or service areas on freeways, as well as emergency phones on the shoulder at regular intervals.

Freeways reduced travel times and accident rates, though the higher speeds have increased the severity and death rates of the collisions.

Freeways have been heavily criticized by environmentalists, urbanists, and preservationists for the noise, pollution, and economic shifts they bring. Additionally, they have also been criticized by the driving public for the inefficiency with which they handle peak hour traffic, at-grade intersection - пересечение на одном уровне grade separation - пересечение в разных уровнях underpass —тоннель; проезд под полотном железной дороги overpass - эстакада, путепровод gantry - сигнальный мостик

Section III.Oral Presentation: 1. Maintenance