14. The political history of the Huns

The history of the widely known name of the Huns. The name of the disappeared people associated with militancy, violence and barbarism. The Huns led by Attila made devastating raids on European country, they laid the foundation of the Great Migration. All this is familiar events of European history. Less well-known Asian Hun tribes that lived in Central Asia, including the territory of Kazakhstan in the last centuries BC. e. - The first century BC. e. In the historical literature, they are known as the Xiongnu or the Huns. The sources tell about the relationship with Hun Kangüy.In '55 there was a division of the powerful Hun state into two parts - north and south. In the north-western Mongolia, near Lake Kyrgyz Hyp ruler of the Huns northern Chzhichzhi established his residence. Hence, he made trips to the neighboring tribes Usuns. In hostile relations with China was Chzhichzhi, especially after he ordered the killing of a Chinese official and ambassador. Intense rivalry going on between him and the head of the Southern Huns. Under these conditions, Chzhichzhi was timely proposal Kang-kü/Kangju ruler of the state, which was on the banks of the Syr Darya, the alliance and the joint struggle against the state Ningpo. He invited Chzhichzhi in its eastern possessions - in the Talas Valley and granted him the right to command Kangui cavalry. In addition, he gave Shana his daughter in marriage, gave a few thousand camels, donkeys, horses,Kangui ruler hoped that the army would break soon Chzhichzhi Usuns, grab their possessions in the valley of the Ili and Chu. However Chzhichzhi could not defeat Usuns. Brewing conflict between him and deceived in their hopes Kangui aristocrats. Soon there was a break. According to the chroniclers, Shanyu refused to submit to the customs kangyuytsev, "in anger killed the daughter of Prince kanpoyskogo, as well as famous people and hundreds of ordinary people, or throwing them into the river Dalai (Talas)." During this Chzhichzhi was expelled from the rate Kangui ruler and went to the upper reaches of Talas, where he built a city.Strengthening Chzhichzhi and his continuing attacks on Usuns seriously disturbed the Chinese Empire. Trying to neutralize Chzhichzhi diplomatic means failed, and the Chinese began to prepare for war. Soon the Chinese army on campaign too. It moved in two ways. Three companies were the southern route through Kashgar, Fergana, passes on chanach Chatkalskiy ridge and Karabura to Talas, three companies were the northern route - from East Turkestan, probably, through the pass Bedel in the Issyk-Kul basin, where there was a rate Usuns Chiguchen, then to Chu and Talas valley. The troops joined the walls of the city Chzhichzhi.Despite the heroic resistance of the Huns, the Chinese burned the wooden exterior wall, broke the earthen wall, broke into the city, captured the citadel. With approximate Chzhichzhi was captured along with many relatives, sons, wives, and eminent princes in the number of 1518 people. They were decapitated.The second wave of migration began Hun 93 AD. e. They moved west, conquering some tribes, dragging the others entered the Syr Darya, the Aral Sea region, Central and West Kazakhstan. In the IV. n. e. they were born in Europe.The Huns have made to the tribes and nations of Kazakhstan and Eurasia unprecedented change. The movement of the Huns to the West set in motion all the other tribes and nations. In 335, the Huns led Balamber crossed the Volga. Within a few years the whole territory of the Black Sea region was conquered by the Huns. Part of the local population - Gothic tribes - became part of the Huns.In 395, the Huns came to Constantinople, the capital of the eastern Roman Empire, made a trip to the Caucasus and Mesopotamia. Eastern Roman Emperor undertook to pay tribute to them with gold. In 437, the Huns made a trip into the interior of Europe. On the territory of present-day France defeated the Burgundian kingdom.In 445 AD, Attila came to power. When it reached the state of the power of the Huns. He united the scattered tribes of the Huns in Romania and Hungary. Then Attila invaded the eastern Roman Empire more than 70 cities in Greece were taken one by one they fell all the Roman fortress on the Danube, were conquered Pannonia and Moesia. Hence Attila sent his army into France.During the reign of Attila's Huns formed military and the democratic system. In the year 451 in what is now France in Gaul occurred Catalaunian battle. Historians call this battle "battle of nations." According to the European scholars, against Attila were mercenaries Sarmatians, Alans, the Romans and the Franks. Attila fought on the side of the Ostrogoths, Gepids. Attila's army was defeated for the first time.Attila always show up in places where it is not expected. In the spring of 452, Attila invaded Italy and went to Rome. The emperor fled from Rome, and the capital itself was unable to defend himself. Then to Attila were sent ambassadors led by the Pope. It is not known whether it was possible to persuade the Pope Attila not to go to Rome, but for some reason, the Huns left.Surfing the Huns were the terror of the Europeans. The Roman Empire was in a crisis and could not hold back the onslaught of the nomads. The Huns have contributed to their campaigns disintegration of the slave system.In 453, Attila died suddenly. After his death the Hun tribal unions have broken up.Scientists have different opinions role of the Huns. Some historians mostly believe that they liberated Europe from Roman rule. Others emphasize that the Huns contributed to the destruction of the slave system and opened the beginning of a new historical period - the era of the Middle Ages.The secret to winning the Huns was to military superiority. The basis of the troops was fast cavalry. The Huns had battering rams, kamnemetnye technique. There were also mobile, well-protected fortifications, which were archers hit the enemy. Historians have described the battering rams. It was the largest building on wheels, with a suspended log. Such a moving mass was put to the front of a wall of logs had pointed iron tip. Swinging ropes a projectile, the Huns broke through any walls.Historical sources describe different life and customs of the Huns. For example, A. Marcellina emphasized their belligerence: "do not know they are on a strict imperial power, but are content with occasional leadership of someone from their elders, destroying everything that gets in their way."The Roman historian Goldfield wrote about the Huns, "after the war, he lived quietly and happily, everyone enjoys what he is." Goldfield describes the Huns as a peaceful nation, "and especially pay attention to their gentle manners and sincere love of neighbor”.

The culture of the Huns

The Huns were a nomadic way of life that was not always clear to the settled peoples: the Romans and Greeks. Therefore, in the historical literature can meet different characteristics of nomads. A.Martsellin Roman historian wrote: "The Huns are so hardened that they do not need nor fire, nor abundant food, they can feed on plant roots, half-baked meat of any animal that they dry on the rump of his horse or on your belt. They roam the steppes, mountains and forests, and from childhood accustomed to the cold, hunger and thirst, they know how to overcome them. The Huns seem to merge with their horses, which are tatty-looking but hardy and fast and the will of their masters. They do not go with their horses, day or night, even trade produce no dismounting, and it is fed and even sleep, bending over and resting her head on the back of a horse. In the discussion of important questions of life at a meeting they do it while sitting on a horse. "The Huns had and their city. The Roman historian Goldfield wrote: "moving through some of the river, we arrived in one large settlement, which was the palace of Attila. As assured us it was more magnificent the other palaces that he had in other places. It was built of logs and boards, skilfully hewn, and enclosed by a wooden fence, more employees to the decoration of it, rather than the defense. The royal palace decorated with hipped roofs, towers and turrets, towering over the fence. Almost all the houses were made of logs. " Particularly surprised mine bath, built of white stone.Leather, wool, felt, wood - these are the basic material for the manufacture of nomads all the necessary things and objects. They are not as durable as stone. Fur, textile and clothing could not survive to the present day, but the written sources can be found, that the Huns were leather garments are durable and comfortable.Hun jewelers reached perfection in the manufacture of gold jewelery. They knew how to burn on product gold balls. This style is called granulation. Sometimes products are soldered patterns in the form of long twisted wires - filigree. Another type of decoration was inlay - decoration stone products. Scientists call this style polychrome style. The Huns skillfully started doing silver and gold jewelry. In the tombs of the rich Huns in abundance are gold earrings, rings, rings, inlaid with gold, leather belts. Products used for decoration pictures of wild animals.Found in places of permanent settlements head spindles suggest that the Huns wove and wore clothes made of wool. In rich tombs of noble Huns are the remains of silk materials, from here it becomes clear that they are dressed in expensive Chinese silk.

15)MEDIEVAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF KAZAKHSTAN (VI-VIII centuries) Southern Kazakhstan and Zhetisu throughout the Middle Ages were the centers of urban culture. Here Cities have appeared in Kangar and Usun time, but the greatest flowering of their accounts was in VII-XIII centuries. During this period, there are several major centers of urban culture:   1. Middle Syr Darya - one of the most ancient centers of urban culture. In the upper reaches of the river Aris was Ispidzhab district - the capital of southern Kazakhstan in IX-XII centuries. In the middle reaches of the county located Kendzhid, and at the confluence of Arys and Syr Darya - District Farab or Otyrar. Downstream of the county was Yasa-Turkestan.    2. The lower reaches of the Syr Darya - City Yangikent, Sygnak, Jenda, Barchynlykent, which is of great economic and cultural importance for the nomads. 3. The Southwest Zhetisu - Talas region between rivers and Shu. In the upper stretches of Talas District Sheldzhi, whose population was engaged in metallurgy. In Talas valley located district of Taraz, and in the valley of Shu - Suyab and Balasagun.     4. North-east Zhetisu. This included the city of Ica, Oguz, Kajalyk Almalyk and other major trading posts along the Great Silk Road.     5. Valley of the Irtysh. Arab and Persian sources are localized here 16 kimak cities, including the capitals of Khanate Hakan and Hakan-Kimak.    6. Central Kazakhstan. Unfortunately, the proper names of most cities in the area are not known, however, archaeological studies give evidence of the existence here of urban culture in the VIII-XII centuries. In the valley of Nura was Aksikent city, on the banks Sarisu - City Zhubanysh Ulubagyr and, in the lower reaches of trades - Kanglykent, Karakorum, aksakal-Barbie, Badger. Ispidzhab (Sairam) - "City of White River" - is mentioned in sources from the VII century. Center District. An important administrative center and a center of transit trade and religion. In the XIII century was conquered by the Mongols, but it does not hurt. Otyrar (Farabi) - located near the confluence of the Syr Darya Arysi. County Center Farab (Otyrar Oasis). He passed through many caravan routes. Settlement began in the first centuries AD, but the first mention in written sources - IX century. In the VII-VIII centuries Otyrar was economically and politically self-sufficient (Otrarsky coins). Turkestan - the center of Turkestan oasis (other name Iassy). In the VIII century was known as the District Shavgar. One of the most important commercial, cultural and religious centers. Taraz - the first mention in the VI century. Located on the banks of the Talas. In the VII century - Taraz - one of the largest cities on the Silk Road. IX-XI century - the rise and development of the proud. X-XI century - the capital of one of the inheritance Karakhanids. In the XIII century was destroyed by order of Harunshaha, but was rebuilt.