87) Kazakhstan in the years of Khrushchev's reforms. Virgin and fallow lands: implications and lessons.

In 1954, the Central Committee decided to expand the acreage in the country through the development of virgin land in northern Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Urals and North Caucasus. It was the zone of risky agriculture with very vulnerable to soil erosion and lack of moisture. Their plowing meant the rejection of intensive farming methods, canning backward modes of management. Already in August 1954 in Kazakhstan was 6.5 million hectares under cultivation. By the beginning of 1955, the area of cultivated land increased by 8.5 million hectares. Since the autumn of 1954 began the creation of another 250 farms. All during the Virgin Lands (1954-1960gg.) Was 25.5 million hectares under cultivation. Total for the development of virgin land has been allocated more than 20 billion rubles. The first years of the virgin lands, except dry in 1954, were quite favorable. In 1956, the country had record crops. However, the disruption of the ecological balance and wind erosion in the late 50's began to turn into a serious problem. By I960, in northern Kazakhstan due to irrational development of virgin lands of the economic turnover was derived more than 9 million hectares. soils. Since the early 60s began periodic droughts that led to disaster in 1963, when for the first time the country was forced to provide food to buy abroad 12 million tons of grain for 1 billion dollars. The effectiveness of the virgin soil annually fell. Plowing huge areas of virgin land led to a sharp decline in Kazakhstan, hay and pasture land and the beginning of a long crisis of traditional agriculture industry of the republic - livestock. In 1955 ¬ COME moose take a special resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and to oblige the steppe regions of 47 and 225 farms raise beef cattle. Work began on the expansion of irrigated land and food resources. As a result, with great difficulty, managed to raise the total number of cattle in the country in 1960 to 37.4 million head (in 1928 - 29.7 million head). However, population growth has led to certain difficulties in the provision of food, forcing authorities in 1962 for the first time to go to raise the price of meat by 30% and oil - by 25%. Planned increase in the production of meat three times failed. Negatively affected by agriculture and the reorganization of MTS (machine and tractor stations) with a mandatory redemption of art collective and state farms. More prosperous economy undoubtedly benefited from the reforms and were able to improve the organization of labor. However, many farms were in a critical situation, as ransom technology has withdrawn all funds received as a result of higher purchase prices and demanded a new government subsidies. This reform has caused the outflow of skilled machine operators, from the village and the reduction of agricultural machinery park. In Kazakhstan, the reduction was only sending me the techniques covered in the development of virgin lands. In general, the development of virgin lands in Kazakhstan has transformed one of the largest grain producers in the world and at the same time laid the causes of long-term agricultural crisis in the country in the coming years.

With the population growth began to show an acute shortage of grain goes into crisis. Khrushchev relies on the extensive model (for the purposes of self-preservation system). 1954 - development. Thanks to the grain production per capita has increased. In 1957-1958. began the process of wind erosion, wind erosion. Giant plowing, increase in aridity. The economic feasibility, the statistics are not carried out. Unnecessary costs, raising labor force. Energy costs (fuel and lubricants, the vast expanses of the earth). The emergence of cities, infrastructure, internationalization of public life. The growth of population due to migration. Areas of sources of work, out of a labor surplus labor shortages, labor shortages.

88) The development of science and culture of the country in 60-s of XX c Education system development. Khruschev's ideas of an approximation of intellectual and physical work and communication strengthening between school and production led to carrying out at the end the 50-h-beginning of the 60th years of a radical reform of education. In 1958 the allied law duplicated in 1959 by the republican Law "About Strengthening of Communication of School with Life" was adopted. According to it, instead of seven years' and ten years' education compulsory eight years' education on which completion graduates were obliged to work three years at plants or in agriculture was entered, combining work with study or to study at high polytechnical schools with inservice training. Receipt in higher education institutions was caused now by a production experience, instead of theoretical preparation of entrants. In Kazakhstan transition to new system was complete in 1962-1963gg. This reform caused ambiguous consequences. Turnover of staff on production where the number of workers - "tranzitnik" increased by paths in higher education institutions amplified. The prestige of the higher education fell, scientists and the intellectuals were used at physical, unproductive works to the detriment of their professional activity. In 1964 some provisions of this reform were revised, and compulsory average ten years' education was entered, new training programs and plans start being developed, in 1970 the Charter of high comprehensive school under which three steps of tutoring - initial (to 3 classes) were entered, eight-year-old and average (10 years) is approved. Graduates of eight-year schools could continue tutoring at ten-year school or technical training colleges and average express educational institutions then had the right to enter the university. The system of the higher education continued to develop. In 1959 for centralization of management by higher education institutions of the republic the state committee transformed then to the Ministry of the higher and secondary vocational education of Kazakhstan was educated. The number of higher education institutions increased. If in the fifties in the republic there were 26 higher educational institutions, by 1980 their number increased to 55 in which over 250 thousand were trained human

89) The course of the democratization of Soviet society. Kazakhstan at the stage of restructuring and revitalizing social and political development (1985-1991)The failure of the planned economic reforms Gorbachev leadership has prompted several several priorities change and expand its activities Reformation. Activation of reforms and substantial expansion of their social base should contribute not affect the foundations of the Soviet political system measures the partial democratization of public life. Plenum of the Communist Party in January 1987 approved an updated domestic policy to "democratize all aspects of the life of Soviet society."

Domestic policy objectives:

1. Make a peaceful state of the USSR;

2. End the arms race and the Cold War;

3. To democratize society by giving people real civil rights and freedoms;

4. Surrender all processes publicity

Foreign policy objectives

1. Start of disarmament, ending the Cold War;

2. 1989 withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan;

3. Installation of diplomatic relations with Israel, South Africa, South Karelia.

In January 1987, Gorbachev admitted the failure of the reform efforts of previous years, and the cause of these failures seen in strains that have occurred in the Soviet Union to the 30-th years.

Since it was concluded that "the deformation of socialism" that was supposed to eliminate these deformations and return to the socialism that was conceived VI Lenin. Thus was the slogan "Back to Lenin."

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in his speeches to prove that a "distortion of socialism" were departing from the ideas of Leninism. Became particularly popular in the Leninist concept of the NEP. Commentators began to talk about the NEP as a "golden age" of Soviet history, drawing an analogy with the modern period of history. Economic articles on the problems of commodity-money relations, lease, co published Bunic P., Popov, N. Shmelev Abalkin. According to their concept, to replace the administrative socialism was coming economic socialism, which would be based on a self-supporting, self-financing, self-support, self-management of enterprises.

Best known at that time were such works as the "White Clothes" Dudintsev, "Bison" D. Granik, "Children of the Arbat" Rybakov. The whole country was reading magazines "New World", "Standard", "October", "Friendship of Peoples", "Spark", which published previously banned works by Mikhail Bulgakov, Boris Pasternak, Vladimir Nabokov, Grossman, A. Solzhenitsyn , L. Zamyatin.

As a result of democratic elections, Gorbachev was formed opposition (sugars, Sobchak, Popov, Yeltsin). The opposition demanded the acceleration and deepening of reforms, the non-socialist model of development. In these circumstances, Gorbachev began to seek support in the ranks of the bureaucracy, even more than the opposition set up against him.

In the republics of the USSR sharply escalated national issue. Great influence gained national fronts, which required separation from Russia. Under these conditions, a referendum was held on preserving the Soviet Union as a state. The majority of the population voted in the affirmative. Administration Gorbachev began work on drafting a new union treaty, the signing of which was scheduled for August 20, 1991.