83) Kazakhstan during the reform era of Mikhail Gorbachev

Perestroika was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s (1986), widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.

Perestroika is often argued to be the cause of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War.

April 23, 1985 at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU Mikhail Gorbachev, the then Secretary General of the Central Committee, announced plans for sweeping reforms aimed at a comprehensive renewal of society, the cornerstone of which was called "rapid socio-economic development of the country."It was believed that an acceleration allows the introduction of scientific and technological progress, especially in the field of engineering. Provided a major change in the investment policy: reducing costly capital expenditures and accelerated modernization of the enterprises.

Reasons:

1. The contradictions and shortcomings of the command-bureaucratic system in the planning and distribution of productive forces:

- The dominance of Union ministries in the country.

- In preparing the various plans, the development of new fields in the calculation of the interests of the republic almost did not take.

- From the multi-billion dollar revenues that battered agencies, the country fell crumbs.

- Priority development of the extractive industries, and 60% of consumer goods were imported from outside the country.

2. Ideological totalitarianism and "residual" principle of funding research and education.

3. The loss of culture with national roots.

4. The problems with the functioning of the Kazakh language. From 1954 to 1986. the country had closed more than 600 schools in the Kazakh language.

5. Infringement of the rights of the republic to national self-determination.

Character. Kazakh people in December 1986 was not a nationalist, and in the initial stage does not involve unlawful. The demonstration was peaceful and was political in nature, are not calling for the overthrow of the state system and attacks against other nations.

The beginning and the course of events

Home. The morning of December 17, 1986 in Almaty began mass excitement of youth, which later spread to other cities in the country. In protest against the decision of the Plenum of the Central Committee made at the beginning of the working group and students of Almaty. In the ranks of the demonstrators were noticed slogans "Long live the ideas of Lenin," "Every Backgammon - their leader," "There are no advantages to any one nation or any one language," "We are not a violent and voluntary rapprochement between peoples" - by expressing nature essence of the theory of Marxism-Leninism on the national question. By 7-8 am in the square it. Brezhnev in front of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of 200-300 people gathered, demanding an explanation for removing Kunaeva. Leaders of the party and the government sent the protesters known people to persuade young people to disperse. When this has no effect, the command-administrative system has applied the usual methods:

Assessing political protest as a threat to power, it has responded to it alerted the Almaty garrison and military forces cordon area.

After the illegal and persistent requests of the Republican leadership the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR AV Vlasov decided to redeploy from 8 different regions of the country in Almaty special units of internal troops of the Ministry of the Interior. Launched "Operation Snowstorm - 1986." The area was blocked. At that time, it was, according to various estimates from 5 to 30 thousand people.

December 18 at 13 h were introduced to the area of ​​the military academy. The Central Committee had been taken into the environment. Students of the Frontier School of the KGB of the USSR stood out cruelty. Proper operation of "Blizzard - 86" was held on December 18 at 20h. 30 minutes. Three trains security forces, reinforced armored vehicles and fire engines. The protesters began to detain and punish. Some of them were placed in special receptacles detention facilities in the building of the Information center. Against demonstrators used digging tools, trained dogs were used fire trucks and armored personnel carriers. The detainees were young men and women were forced to lie on the snow for several hours. 20 ambulances were taken to hospitals of 540 victims, 209 people were hospitalized, injured 1,722 people. According to the Commission of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the total number of detainees was about 8,500 people.

After a peaceful demonstration to the participants have been applied most severe punitive measures:

Filed 99 criminal cases. (46 people after a while were rehabilitated). Of those sentenced 2 people - to death, 83 people - to imprisonment of from

Day 17 December - declared the Day of democratic renewal.

Personnel policy. Command Systems, ruthlessly suppress the unrest in Alma-Ata in 1986, failed to suppress the minds of the people for democracy and building a legal state. Since the beginning of 1987 to the end of 1991 from the Federal Republic Kazakhstan with an uncertain future has turned into an independent state. In a short time Kazakhstan has passed a difficult and important historical path.

Dispersed peaceful demonstration Youth Party has nominated its representative to the most important post in Kazakhstan. New head of Kazakhstan G.Kolbin organized a large-scale purge of the upper echelon of management. Command Systems were illegally harassed former executives.

The new language policy.

One of the most serious problems that required his immediate solutions, was the question of the further development of the Kazakh and other languages ​​in Kazakhstan. With the development of language, an extension of its social functions associated flourishing of any national culture, in fact, the future of the nation itself. Meanwhile, the situation in the Republic of Kazakh language was critical:

Of the 80 public functions performed by the normally functioning language, Kazakh was only used in 10.

The Kazakh language was eliminated from the proceedings, especially in the cities.

Declined sharply from 1960 to 1990. the number of schools in the Kazakh language. Especially in Kokshetausky, North Kazakhstan, Akmola, Kostanai and East Kazakhstan oblasts.

Kazakh youth, especially urban, did not hold at all, or knew little native language.

The consequence of the neglect of culture and language has become indifferent disregard for literature, history and ancient traditions of the Kazakh people.

The same phenomenon began to spread among the ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan: Uighurs, Ukrainians, Germans, Turks, Turks, Tartars.

In 1987 came the decision of the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of Kazakh SSR Kazakh and Russian languages. Since that time, accumulated over many years of serious language problems were discussed in the media and in political discussions in Kazakhstan.

September 22, 1989 at an extraordinary session of the 14th Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic adopted the "Law on Languages

Rehabilitation of Repressed figures

In the 1988 decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan was rehabilitated group of representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia illegally repressed in the 20 - 50 years. Among them:

Shakarim Kudaiberdiev (1858-1931) - one of the prominent figures in the history of Kazakh literature;

Zhusipbek Aymauytov (1889-1931) - a famous poet, writer and scholar.

Myrzhakyp Dulatov (1885-1935) - a prominent poet and writer, and teacher.

Ahmet Baitursynov (1873-1937) - a prominent scientist and public figure who has left a rich legacy in the field of language, literature, politics, science, journalism.

Magzhan Zhumabaev (1893-1938) - a famous poet.

During these years, the number of public figures nereabilitirovannyh affected by the illegal repression in the Soviet era, the hundreds. Since that time, in the press began to publish materials about the life of people like Alikhan Bokeyhanov, Mukhametzhan Tynyshpaev, Halel Dosmukhamedov, Zhahansha Dosmukhamedov, Mustafa Chokai, Kudaibergen Zhubanov, and others. During this period the work of the legal rehabilitation of illegally repressed persons, the study of their social activities and role in the history of Kazakhstan began to engage the national intelligentsia.

Effect of changes in foreign policy on domestic policy of the USSR.

The world community 80s. They are very complex, dynamic and, at the same time, closely interrelated organism. The principles of the foreign policy became more flexible, based on the priority of human values. There are new and unfamiliar concepts: the "new political thinking", "global problems", "peacemaking". Began to increase the flow of foreign policy initiatives, proposals and meetings:

Relations between the USSR and the USA. From November 1985 to December 1988 were held 5 meetings with M. Gorbachev and U.S. President Ronald Reagan, to strengthen the foreign policy, the search for mutually acceptable compromises. Initiative of the USSR program phased elimination of nuclear weapons by the year 2000, a system of comprehensive security, confidence-building in the "common European home", the restructuring of relations in the Asia-Pacific region, the defense and the offensive doctrine of sufficiency, reduction of armaments, a review of troops from foreign territories.

In autumn 1989 in Kazakhstan held an election to the Supreme Court and local councils of people's deputies. In this election, the first time the vote was nominated for an alternative basis. The Communist Party, using his authority, has held its candidates to the Board. It is this part of the deputies involved in the work of building the foundation of independent Kazakhstan.

Social and political movements.

Democratic processes have led to the creation of the union republics of mass organizations of workers:

One of the first and most mass movements in Kazakhstan was the environmental movement "Nevada-Semipalatinsk", created on the initiative of the poet O. Suleimenov February 28, 1989 The goal - the closure of the Semipalatinsk and other polygons, which operated on the territory of Kazakhstan.

Growing social tensions in Kazakhstan

Events in New (Jean) Uzen Mangistau region.

In June 1989, the backlog of unresolved complex social problems caused discontent among the population:

Slow progress in the queue for housing, in kindergartens;

The rise in unemployment among young people;

Import labor from other regions of the USSR (in the processing enterprises of oil and gas). Not interested in leadership training of local personnel;

There were major shortcomings in the work of the enterprises of trade, public catering, consumer services.

Violation of the principles of social justice in the allocation of housing, food and industrial products.  Rough shift workers ignoring the customs and traditions of the Kazakh population gave rise to an explosion of indignation. The intensification of social conditions discreetly interwoven with ethnic tensions, especially between the indigenous and ethnic groups of the Caucasus residing in the city. In June 1989, the city emerged riots that led to bloodshed on both sides. Young workers smashed shops, pubs.This conflict was extinguished only with the help of law enforcement agencies and special forces. Most shift workers had to be evacuated from the city. But even after these events, many problems still remain unsolved for a long time. A lot of local conflicts happened in other cities and workers' settlements, and always at the root of these events are social reasons.