77) The development of science during war. Creation of a "History of the Kazakh ssr" (1943) and its value.

During the war in the country were established following scientific institutions: in 1942 the Institute of Language Literature and History, and later he had formed of the Institute of Language and Literature and History Institute. In this same year 1942, was educated Chemical and Metallurgical Institute, it was later divided into the Institute of Chemistry and the Institute of Metallurgy and Enrichment, and in 1943-1945 the Institute of Soil and botany, zoology and regional pathology. Also in these years in the republic there were 75 scientific institutions and laboratories stations. During the evacuation of the territory of Kazakhstan offered 20 major research centers (Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR).

Despite this significant progress in the development of science, it should be noted that the majority of scientific research has been directed at improving the efficiency of coal, lead, and copper. And also to improve the production capacity of existing plants. So in those years a group of academics were made to mobilize the resources of the Urals and Ore Altai.

Expedition of the Institute of Geology KAZFAN identified new deposits of non-ferrous metals, a group of academic Satpaeva were discovered and explored reserves of metal ores, justified the construction of a large new steel mill in central Kazakhstan.

Chemists have developed new methods for producing fertilizer from Karatau phosphorite processing of local types of oil. Their efforts were launched production, a number of reagents required for the production of steel. Scientists have conducted research on the genetics of the breeding of new varieties of winter wheat, new varieties Ogorodnov and melons. Isenzhulov, Butarin worked on the development of new breeds of cattle.

Actively developed in this period and history, Soviet scientists collected data on World War II, and in 1943 in Kazakhstan, the book "History of Kazakhstan from the earliest times to the present day."

"History of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" (1943) was published under the editorship of Mukhamedzhan Abdyhalykova and Anna Pankratov, and categorical rejection has caused a section written Bekmakhanov, a national liberation movement Kenesary Kasymova. In which he idealized the leaders of the national liberation movement. Translated into Kazakh some works of Lenin: "The Military Program of the Proletarian Revolution."

On the whole science of Kazakhstan, despite of the difficulties of the war period, advanced considerably, as well as strengthened in personnel matters. The rapid development of Kazakhstan science is primarily due to the fact that during the war in the territory of our republic were many prominent scientists of the time.

78) Virgin lands: the economic, environmental and socio-demographical effects. The main reason – lack of housing. For October 1, 1955 collective farms constructed of planned 19500 houses only 4711, the construction Ministry – 58 years ago February-March plenum (1954) of the Central Committee of CPSU in the resolution "About Further Increase in Production of Grain in the Country and about Development Virgin and Laylands" put forward a problem of the considerable expansion of cultivated areas. From them 6367 thousand hectares should be mastered in one year in Kazakhstan. The word "Celinum" at the senior generation always associated with such concepts, as labor heroism, dedication, patriotism, high civic consciousness. Hundred thousands tselinnik who have arrived to Kazakhstan from all corners of the Soviet Union, made, appear, the impossible: for short term gave to the country a huge Kazakhstan loaf, constructed hundreds new state farms. They with honor passed labor examination. In a pursuit of high rates heads gave command to plow almost all new lands, including sukhostepny, semidesertic and even strongly saline which were subject to a wind erosion. It was one of the reasons sharp reduction of pasturable grounds, and in a result and a cattle livestock which from 1928 for 1954 decreased almost twice. However, for the sake of justice it is necessary to tell that thanks to body height of a virgin grain farm, strengthening of comprehension of importance of development of animal husbandry since 1955 body height of cattle, sheep and goats was observed. These pros and cons are clear. And at the same time today from positions of the modern judgment of those years, actions of the allied and republican authorities on realization of party installations it is possible to tell unambiguously that the virgin soil as an epoch-making event in life of the country took place. Other question, by what price it was reached. In any case positive and negative estimates of development of virgin soil supplement each other and therefore reproduce the true picture more fully. Today, from height of nearly 60 years of the beginning of development virgin and laylands, we can tell that work of pervotselinnik was not in vain, Kazakhstan became among leading grain powers of the world. Kazakhstan citizens over the years learned to grow up steadily big crop, to master the modern technologies of cultivation and cleaning grain, to make thrifty use of the earth, to develop agricultural science. Especially it is noticeable in days of independence at the expense of development of market economy. And nevertheless we always have to remember those pioneers who in days of heartrending experiences forged the potent industrial and agrarian potential of our Homeland. Their labor feat should not be forgotten.

79) Socio-demographical processes in Kazakhstan in 50-80-y. of XX century In September 1952 the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan was elected J. Shayakhmetov. Under the new five-year plan was planned further increase the pace of industrial construction in the country, the total investment has been identified in 28.5 billion. However, subsequent developments have led to significant changes in the life of the whole country.

De-Stalinization. In March 1953 he died, Stalin, who ruled the country unchallenged since the late 20's. His place was taken by a group of approximate dictator who started the struggle for power - Malenkov, Molotov, Beria and Khrushchev.The Gulag was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry of Justice, the political police became an independent organization - the Committee for State Security (KGB). In 1955, an amnesty was granted convicted of "aiding the Nazis" during the Second World War, checked out and released from the administrative supervision of special immigrants. At the same time, restrictions on freedom of movement persisted, political charges against the Germans and Crimean Tatars have been removed, most of the political prisoners in an amnesty was announced only after 1956, after the famous report of Khrushchev at the XX Congress of the CPSU, where it was first claimed that there Stalin's personality cult and mass repression.

1957-58. was the peak of the process of de-Stalinization. In February 1957 were rehabilitated Chechens, Ingush, Balkar, Karachay and Kalmyks, they were allowed to return home. Began rehabilitation of victims of political repression, but it was selective and was not completed. In 1958, the adoption of the new Criminal Code, canceling the notion of "enemy of the people", it was forbidden to resort to threats and violence during the investigation, the presumption of innocence is legalized.

Despite the difficult social and economic situation in 1959 was adopted by the seven-year plan, in which the Soviet Union had to come out on top in the world in terms of production in 1965 declares that the construction of socialism in the country and the long-awaited ending communism will come in early 80s. Sharp has undergone and national policies. In order to create a new community - the "Soviet people" began promoting the process of Russification authorities, accompanied by the closure of national schools, curtailment of national languages ​​and chauvinist propaganda. Was launched by the task of merging all the ethnic groups of the USSR and the elimination of the national republics in the early 80's. Without taking into account the interests of the republics began to change their boundaries. For example, in 1962 Uzbekistan were transferred to three cotton-growing region of southern Kazakhstan.Council of Ministers of the USSR and the CPSU Central Committee, a draft resettlement in the republic 50 thousand families, but these plans in the short term have been exceeded. Only Moscow and the Moscow region in Kazakhstan came 54 thousand people from the Ukraine - 93 thousand, from Belarus - more than 100 thousand people. From 1954 to 1962 from the western republics arrived more than 119.5 thousand families. Most of the immigrants arrived in the northern region, the mechanical growth of population which was from 1939 to 1959 of 83%. Population Celinograd area from 1953 to 1955 increased by 96 times, KustanaT - 26 times. Just a few years 1954-62 to the new lands came about 2 million people. At the same time continued to organized recruitment of labor for industry in Kazakhstan. During the years 1954-1960. came from outside the republic more than 300 thousand people, and in 1961-1965. "organized recruitment" has increased to 500 thousand people, most of whom were immigrants from Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. In the 1965-1975 years. arrived in Kazakhstan on industrial targets another 115 thousand people.

In the 1959-1963 years. Kazakhstan has returned to about 200 thousand people from China. These were people who had left their homeland during the civil war and collectivization. Most of them were Kazakhs, Uighurs, and Dungan, although among immigrants were Russian, Tatars, Uzbeks and Kyrgyz. Complication of relations with China in the early 60s stopped this process and more than 1 million Kazakhs left to live in the territory of a neighboring state.