1921 – 1929 – Years of carrying out New Economic Policy.

But Bolsheviks said at once that these measures – temporary that will cancel them soon. In the beginning the New Economic Policy raised a standard of living in the country, solved many problems of economy. The New Economic Policy stopped due to the lack of international trade, crisis on gathering bread, not desires of Bolsheviks.

Officially the New Economic Policy was curtailed on October 11, 1931, but actually in October, 1928 implementation of the plan of the first five-years period, and as, collectivization in the village and the forced industrialization of production began.

73) The mass repression of 1937-1938 and its consequences.

This year - the year of the 70th anniversary of Stalin's mass terror that has caused an incurable wound peoples of our country. This year has gone down in history as the year of the country's "Great Terror", 1937 until November 1939.These years were the high point of the repressive policies, the peak of political repression, much used by the ruling regimes after seizing power in 1917.The main reasons for the beginning of "Great Terror"

From February 23 to March 5, 1937 hosted the infamous Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), which on March 3 with the main report "about the shortcomings of party work and measures eliminate the Trotskyist and other hypocrites" was made by IV Stalin, who repeated his famous conclusion about the intensification of the class struggle. He said: "... the more we advance, the more success we have, the more will become embittered remains of the defeated exploiting classes, the sooner they will go for the more acute forms of struggle, the more they will do harm to the Soviet state, the more they will grab for the most desperate means of struggle as a last resort doomed. " The main enemies of the Soviet state were declared Trotskyists have turned, according to Stalin, "... unscrupulous and unprincipled gang of wreckers, saboteurs, spies, murder, hired by some intelligence agencies." He called upon "in the struggle against Trotskyism modern" use ... "is not the old methods are not methods of discussion, and new methods, methods of uprooting and smashing"

In fact it was a well-defined task in front of the NKVD of the USSR to destroy the "enemies of the people." In his closing speech at the plenary session of March 5, 1937, Stalin, based on the results of the discussions of the party in 1927, even call a specific number of "enemies" - 30000 Trotskyists Zinovievists and any other "riff-raff: right and stuff .."By the time the plenum has been arrested 18,000 people "enemies of the people." It remained for Stalin to arrest more "only" 12,000 people. They are, however, posed a threat to the party, for the country, as could "play a prank and shit"

March 3, 1937 on the report N.I.Ezhova "Lessons of sabotage, subversion and espionage Japanese-German-Trotskyite agents" plenum passed a resolution, which was approved by the "event of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) to defeat the anti-Soviet subversive and sabotage, espionage and terrorism gang Trotskyites and other double-dealers. " *.

During the plenary and after the arrests began immediately throughout the country. From 14 to 29 May 1937 were arrested and executed by representatives of the high command of the Red Army: Tukhachevsky, Yakir I.E, IP Uborevich other. March 15, 1937 was shot by a former member of the Political Bureau, member of the Communist International, the editor of the newspaper "Izvestia NI Bukharin.

The fate suffered by participants in the February-martovskogoPlenuma 1937. At the plenary session of 72 people acted. Of them were arrested and shot 52 people, 2nd committed suicide. (After all, they are in their speeches and voting supported the view of Stalin to find and destroy the "enemies of the people."

The names of some of the speakers at the plenary session and shot by the NKVD in 1937 - 1938 years.

After the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPSU (b) adopt a number of decisions to tighten repression: May 23, 1937 "The issue of the NKVD," June 8, 1937 "On the eviction of families Trotskyites and right." These resolutions NKVD got unlimited powers in exposing and defeating the Trotskyist and other agents of fascism, to suppress the slightest manifestation of anti-Soviet activities. The main hero is not party worker and narkomvnudelets. The country is growing mass political psychosis. Exposes the hundreds of thousands of suddenly appearing "enemies of the people" NKVD "open" hundreds of counter-revolutionary organization "anti-Soviet", "fascist", "terrorist", "kulaks", "White Guard", "nationalist", "sabotage", "officer" etc.

July 2, 1937 the Resolution of the Politburo "On anti-Soviet elements". This decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) the proposed "all secretaries of provincial and territorial Party organizations and all regional, provincial and republican representatives of the NKVD to take account of all the returnees kulaks and criminals so that the most hostile of them were immediately arrested and executed in the order administration of their affairs through the "troika" and the other less active, but still hostile elements would be rewritten and sent to areas as directed by the NKVD. "

("Troika" as extrajudicial body was created October 29, 1929 Circular GPU for prior review of investigations and a report on the trials. On 5 July 1937 the "troika" had the right to impose the death penalty. As part of the "threes", included the head of the regional or NKVD regional, provincial or marginal prosecutors, registrars territorial, regional). Personal structure of "threes", claimed the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. The Politburo approved the control figures for the arrest and execution of enemies of the people.

All repressible as punishment were divided into two categories. Classified as Category 1 "troika" shall rule - execution, to the 2nd category imprisonment in the camp for a period of 8 to 10 years. Was identified a long list of "contingent" that were to be repressed, "former kulaks," "socially dangerous elements, consisting rebel, fascist, terrorist and bandit formations", "members of the anti-Soviet parties", "former White, gendarmes, officials, punitive, bandits bandoposobniki, traffickers, returnees "," the most hostile and active participants in the Cossack rebel-White Guard organizations, fascist, terroristichskih espionage and sabotage and counter-revolutionary forces "," sectarian activists, clergy "," criminals ". Avenging sword of the NKVD was to hit multiple enemies wherever they are: soderzhavschihsya "detention in prison camps, labor settlements and colonies," continue "to keep it active anti-Soviet subversion", lived in the village, town and works "in the collective farms, farms, agricultural enterprises .... in industrial and commercial enterprises, transport, Soviet institutions and the construction. "

The repressive operation should start from August 5, in the Uzbek, Turkmen, Tajik and Kyrgyz SSR - from August 10, in the Far East and the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the East Siberian region with 15 August 1937 and be completed within four months. The order was approved by a specific amount to be repressed by the first and second category in each country, or the edge of the area. Total for the country, "routinely" was to repress the first and second category of 268,950 people, including NKVD camps in the first category - 10 000. These figures were "indicative". But the Republican People's Commissars of the NKVD and the heads of provincial and regional departments of the NKVD did not have the right to "exceed their own." Allowed "to reduce the numbers" and transfer "of those targeted for repression in the first category - the second and vice versa ..." So in the cipher telegrams chief of the NKVD in the Omsk region G.F.Gorbacha to NI Yezhov on August 14, 1937 it was reported that on August 13 to the 1st category arrested 5444 people. GF Gorbach asked to increase the "indicative" figure in the first category with 1,000 to 8,000 people. This document was shown to Stalin, who imposed his own hand the resolution "T. Yezhov, for increasing the limit to 8000. Josef Stalin. " There was an increase, "scheduled task" of the NKVD of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which was originally established quite "insignificant" figure eliminate "enemies of the people" in the first category - 750. August 20, IV Stalin and VM Molotov to "fix" the mistake of extending the "limit" for 6600 people. Thus, in 1937, limits have been increased repression - twice. September 8, NI Yezhov told a Special report to Stalin that for the month of August has been arrested 146,225 people that is five-month plan was fulfilled by 54.37%. "Troika" condemned to death 31,530 and to imprisonment in camps and prisons - 13,669 people. "Troika" investigation files examined in absentia in an expeditious manner. Hp:. "Troika" of the Krasnodar region in one day November 20, 1937 reviewed the 1252 criminal case. If we assume that the "troika" worked nonstop, 24 hours, then it was one thing took 1 minute. 15 seconds. The same "troika" of the day November 1, 1938 issued 619 death sentences - for one thing took 2.5 minutes.

On August 5, 1937 to the middle of November 1938 the "troika" of the NKVD-NKVD were convicted of at least 800,000 people, half of them - to be shot. 800,000 people - almost 60% of the total number of victims of repression in the years for political reasons. The rest of those convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes during the "Great Terror" falls on the other non-judicial bodies. A special meeting of the NKVD, the military tribunals and courts. Only the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR and its on-site sessions in 60 cities of the Soviet Union from 1 October 1936 to 30 September 1938 was condemned by 36,157 people, including the shooting - 30,414 people, or 84, 39%. Military board judged the most well-known and respected in the past "enemies of the people", which kept alive in those circumstances, it does not.

Information about the Military Collegium of the convicts are now published as "Stalin's death list" from the archives of the Russian President. By Stalin got lists are broken down into specific categories and contain only the name and patronymic of the repressed. Lists are not approved by the Politburo, and not processed in the form of solutions. Lists signed by the members of the Politburo who were most close to Stalin. Most of frequency signatures resolution "for": Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich, Voroshilov, Zhdanov. Lists of approved members of the Politburo or at Stalin's dacha, or Yezhov rode Politburo members to collect signatures.

In pursuance of this decision NKVD August 15, 1937 issued an order number 00486 "The operation on the repression of women and children traitors." There were open women's camp traitors and orphanages of the NKVD.

According to incomplete data only for six months, after the order of the NKVD were arrested at least 43 thousand wives and children.

Terror was stopped by SNK and the CPSU (b) "The arrest, prosecutor's supervision and conduct of the investigation" of 17 November 1938, in which more formally in the work of the NKVD were criticized.

What is the scale of repression 1938-1938's?

According to available statistics convicted in 1937-1938. 1,344,923 people, of whom were sentenced to death 681,692 people, or 50.69%. Every second of those imprisoned for political reasons in 1937-1938. was shot. According to other sources in 1937-1938. put more than 1, 7 million people, executed more than 700,000. During the "Great Terror" increased dramatically "population" camps, colonies and prisons. In 1937, the prison population increased by 685,201 people. January 1, 1939 only at the labor camp, CTI and prisons, there were 2,022,976 prisoners

Resolution of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), and the orders of the NKVD in 1937-1938, gave rise to a climate of fear, of hopelessness, of double standards, snitching, spy mania. Everywhere there was a search of "enemies of the people", "spies." "Targets" figures for the arrest of "traitors," says the center, served for the local NKVD guide to action. In the NKVD went kind of "socialist competition" for the highest exposure of the "enemies of the people." "Control" figures on arrests were exceeded many times over.

July 2, 1937 directive of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), signed I. V.Stalinym and VM Molotov, the deployment of mass repressions against the enemies of the people was sent to the field.

In the Krasnoyarsk region from August 1937 to November 1938 under political articles were sentenced to death 12,603 ​​people, to serving time in prison camps --- 5529. During this period, three in the Krasnoyarsk region examined 19,652 cases of the accused, of which 1,550 persons were charged under ordinary criminal articles and 18,132 on political articles. Perhaps the figure is 12 603 shot is not susceptible. Not millions or even hundreds of thousands. However, this is - only for fourteen months. However, this is - in only one region, which then lived much less the current three million people. 12 603 people in 14 months - is 900 people per month. It is thirty people daily. Thirty-something whose dad, mom, brothers, and sisters. People, nothing innocent. These figures were repressed citizens living in Khakassia.

Political repression 1937-1938, completed the formation of rigid totalitarian regime in the Soviet Union. The society was pumped terror, fear, ruled out any resistance to authorities. Repression beheaded industry, the army, the service industry, science and culture. Injured Party, Komsomol, the Soviet law enforcement Orany. In the Red Army on the eve of the Great Patriotic War was illegally repressed about 40,000 officers. During the years of the Second World War the Red Army lost 180 higher command (112 division commanders, 46 corps commanders, 15 army commanders, the Chief of Staff 4 front, 3 front commanders), and a few years before the war (mostly 1937-1938.) On trumped-up political charges and arrested more than 500 disgraced officers from the rank of brigade commander to the marshal of the Soviet Union, 29 of them died in custody, while 412 were killed (The Tragedy of the Red Army. 1937-1938.-M, 1998. p. 317).

In the Red Army on the eve of the Great Patriotic War was illegally repressed about 40,000 officers. During the years of the Second World War the Red Army lost 180 higher command (112 division commanders, 46 corps commanders, 15 army commanders, the Chief of Staff 4 front, 3 front commanders), and a few years before the war (mostly 1937-1938.) On trumped-up political charges and arrested more than 500 disgraced officers from the rank of brigade commander to the marshal of the Soviet Union, 29 of them died in custody, while 412 were killed (The Tragedy of the Red Army. 1937-1938.-M, 1998. p. 317).

The years 1937-1938 is a giant scale of repression - this is their routine nature of arrests and executions - is fantastic falsification charges arrested - is torture and torture during interrogations - is the closed nature of proceedings - this is the official lies about the fate of the shot - the tens of thousands of prisoners in special camps widows whose husbands were executed - hundreds of thousands of "orphan Thirty Seventh" - people with a stolen childhood and adolescence fractured.

Thirty-seventh year - this is the era of the total displacement in the national consciousness of legal concepts - is the introduction in the minds of the people, that the Soviet Union is the most democratic country in the most democratic constitution in the world.

Today, the legacy of the Great Terror can not come true, we live in a different era.But our society has not given a public assessment of the political terror of the state from the legal point. Not given legal assessment of the then leaders of the country, and, above all, the general ideologue supreme organizer of the terror of Joseph Stalin. The ghost of Stalinism sometimes occurs in plants busts of the dictator on the streets and in the expression of nostalgia about bringing "order" in the country by Stalin.

The State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2005 excluded from the preamble of the Rehabilitation Act of 1991 references to "moral injury" caused to the victims of state terror. it is necessary to return the word about the moral damage in the text of the Act. This must be done in order to make up for the insult to several tens of thousands of very old men - prisoners of the Gulag survivors, and hundreds of thousands of relatives of the victims of terror.

It is still not established a national monument to the dead, which would put the state on behalf of the state. Such a monument that we promise here for 45 years, it's time to deliver on the promise.

You need to create a national museum of the history of state terror, appropriate to their status and level of the scale of the tragedy. The history of terror and the Gulag should be represented in all the historical and natural history museums. There are still obstacles that limit access to archival materials related to political repression. Not covered in the school and university textbooks stories in the media about political repression.

Urgent need to carry out all-Russian program of research and memorialization burial sites of victims of terror. How much is not yet known shootings ditches and mass graves scattered around the country, where the executed were buried secretly. The memory of the terror - this is a common memory of the people

We offer our local history museums from the school to the national, archival institutions, libraries, organize booths, exhibits reflecting the period of state terror against its own people.

We need to be aware of this grim stories of the past and to do all that in the future such a tragedy never happens again.

In October, the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repression is necessary to hold meetings at the monument to the victims of repression in Abakan and the burial place of mass executions in Minusinsk.

74. Culture and Science of the Soviet Kazakhstan in 20-40-y. of XX c literacyIn the cultural field was contracted to bridge the gap between the previously backward peoples and Central Russia, the development of schools and the press in their native language, theaters, clubs, training for all sectors of the national economy, the expansion for the purpose of schools and courses.o In April 1924 the society was formed, "Down with Illiteracy".o In December 1931 it was introduced universal compulsory education between the ages of 15 and 50. By the beginning of the war the task of literacy (literacy campaign) of the adult population in the mostly failed.Educationo In May 1926 adopted a "Charter of the Unified Labor School of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic." For girls kazashek schools were opened in Shymkent, Almaty, Turkestan, Urda. Embarked on a reduction in the number of one-year and two-year schools and increase the proportion of "three years old" and "chetyrehletok." Special attention was paid to their school enrollment of girls, kazashek, schools were opened in Shymkent, Almaty, Turkestan, Urda.o In the 1930/1931 school year was introduced universal education in the settled areas, in spring 1931 - in areas with nomadic populations. Patronage of the overall education of Kazakhstan took the Young Communist League.Leaders of national intelligence have been actively involved in the creation of national textbooks.In 1931-1932, a result of hunger. the number of children has decreased dramatically increased the number of orphans. In autumn 1932 were placed into foster homes 68 thousand children. The network of boarding schools, which were built at the expense of the collective farms. On the eve of the war, hundreds of teachers have been awarded orders and medals. Awarded the title of "Distinguished Teacher of the Kazakh SSR" S.Kobeev, L.I.Dobranskaya, N.V.Volkov, S.Akishev, A.Akatov, Sh.Sarybaev.Higher and specialized secondary education, the formation of the intelligentsiao In 1928, Kazakhstan has opened its first Pedagogical Institute, and later it was named after Abai.o In 1929-1931 years. in Alma-Ata open zootechnical veterinary, agricultural and medical institutions. In March 1931 began its first academic year Almaty Pedagogical Institute.o In 1934, opened the Kazakh State University. Kirov.o Opening of the Kazakh Mining and Metallurgical Institute initiated the preparation of engineering and technical personnel in the country.o On the eve of the Great Patriotic War in Kazakhstan operated 20 schools, 118 secondary vocational schools, with an enrollment of about 40 thousand people. In high schools and colleges in different regions were trained about 20 thousand Kazakhs.o Higher education institutions of the republic employed thousands of messengers central universities and scientific institutions B.Dombrovsky, N.P.Orlov, M.P.Ivanov, IS Bahal, K.P.Persidsky.o A great contribution to the formation and development of the higher schools of the country have S.D.Asfendiarov, T.Zhurgenov, S.Seifullin, A.Baytursynov, M.Auezov, K.Zhubanov.o 20-30's were a period of the development of science in Kazakhstan. There are major centers for the study of history, ethnography, and the region's economy and science. The Society of the Study of Kazakhstan. In his work, took an active part S.Asfendiarov, A.V.Zataevich, A.Divaev, K.Zhubanov, A.Baytursynov, Zh.Aymauytov, M.Zholdybaev, A.P.Chuloshnikov, A.Yu.Yakubovsky.o In 1926, M.E.Masson excavated on the site of the ancient city of Taraz.o Complex expedition of the USSR in 1926-1927. implemented a statistical-economic, soil and botanical, geological, hydrogeological survey of the whole of Kazakhstan.o In 1932, the foundation created the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan, which originally had before it the following sectors - zoological, botanical, and Botanical Gardens in Alma-Ata. In 1935 he created the sectors of geology and history. In 1938, the base was converted into the Kazakh branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.o In 1935 was published the first part of the "History of Kazakhstan since ancient times," written by prof. S.Asfendiarovym.o In the 20-30s S.Seifullin, S.Mukanov, A.Baitursynov, K.Zhubanovym general works have been written on the problems of Kazakh linguistics and literary studies.o On the eve of the war in 57 scientific institutions in Kazakhstan (including universities) have worked more than 1,700 scientists.o In the prewar five-year period as a result of Stalin's purges the ranks of engineering, technical, scientific and creative intelligentsia of Kazakhstan greatly thinned. Was destroyed by the pre-revolutionary intelligentsia.Literatureo The collection of poems M.Zhumabayev in 1913 introduced a variety of genres in Kazakh poetry, has enriched its content and theme. The epic poem "Batyr Bayan", "Fairy Tale", "Kobyz Koylybaya", "Zhusiphan" address the significant events.o S.Seifullin, who was at the forefront of the Kazakh Soviet literature, continued the tradition of Abay and gave a new breath of poetry.o In the novel "The Thorny Path, a difficult transition" (1927) S.Seifullin described the situation of the Kazakh people during the national liberation movement in 1916, the February Revolution and the October Revolution and the Civil War.o Kazakh Soviet literature in the years enriched products S.Seifullin "Kokshetau" S.Mukanov "Sulushash", "Botagoz" I.Zhansugurov "Kulager" I.Bayzakova "Kuralaj Sulu", B.Mailin "Azamat Azamatych" Zh.Aymauytova "Kartkozha" S.Erubaeva "My peers," G.Mustafin "Life and Death."o The big event in the spiritual life was a bright Sultanmakhmut Toraigyrov work of the poet, who died early.o Progress in the drama, "Ayman Sholpan", "Night rumblings" M.Auezov, "Zhalbyr" B.Mailin, "Kyz Jibek", "Goats Korpesh - Bayan Sulu" G.Musrepov, "Career-" "Hold people "Zh.Aymauytova.o In the late 20's and 30's came into the literature of talented youth: G.Ormanov, A.Tazhibaev, Zh.Syzdykov, Zh.Sain, Sarsenbaev, K.Amanzholov, T.Zharokov, A. Zhumagaliyev , D.Abilev, H.Bekhozhin.o The songs and poems about the revolution, the Soviet motherland, freedom, humanity, love, created the outstanding akyns Nurpeis Baiganin, Shashubai Koshkarbaev, Isa Baizakov, Zhambyl Toad.o Multi-ethnic literature of Kazakhstan I.P.Shuhova enriched products, well-known author of the novels "The bitter line" and "hate."o M.Zhumabaev translated the works of Goethe, Heine, M. Gorky, V. Ivanov, D.Mamina Sibiryaka; A.Baytursynov - Krylov; Zh.Aymauytov - Pushkin, Lermontov, Schiller, G.Tukaya, proletarian anthem "The Internationale." Proved himself a skilled translator A.Bokeyhanov.However, the development of Kazakh literature was interrupted by Stalin's repressions 30s.The formation of the Kazakh Soviet arto The establishment of Soviet power has opened up space for creativity, appropriate communist ideology. Open clubs, choir, drama, literary circles. Huge interest in folk music evoked immigrants.o An ethnographer and composer A.V.Zataevich recorded more than 2,300 folk songs and kyuis, published collections "1,000 songs Kirghiz (Kazakh) people" and "500 songs and kyuis Kazakh people." Musicologist Asafev considered these works monuments of ancient culture. In 1932, the composer was awarded the title of People's Artist of Kazakhstan. He was called "The Pearl Fishers."o In 1922, a competition was held Karkaralinsk folk singers.o In music concerts in Moscow attended Kazakh choir Peter and Paul school teacher running I.V.Kotsyka.o conquered the audience with his talent in Europe outstanding Kazakh singer Amr Kashaubaev, who participated in concerts in Paris (1925) and Frankfurt-am-Main in Germany (1927).o In January 1926 in Kyzyl-Orda, opened the first in the country Kazakh National Theatre. At the root of it were E.Umurzakov, S.Kozhamkulov, K.Badyrov, KZhandarbekov, K.Kuanyshbaev, A.Kashaubaev, I.Bayzakov. Theater led Zhumat Shanin. The big event was the premiere of "Enlik-Kebek" M.Auezov. In 1937, the theater was renamed the "Kazakh Drama Theater."o In 1933, in Alma-Ata opened Uygur musical-drama theater in 1937 in Kyzyl-Orda - Korean theater.o the Almaty office of trust "Vostokkino" marked the beginning of cinematography Kazakhstan.o In 1934, organized by the studio newsreels.o In 1938, "Lenfilm" was staged first Kazakh sound motion picture "Amangeldi."o In January 1934 launched Kazakh State Opera (now the State Academic Theater of Opera and Ballet named after Abay).o In 1934, was created by the Kazakh State Orchestra. Kurmangazi who took charge of the composer A.K.Zhubanov.o In 1936, the Kazakh State Philharmonic opened.o In May 1936, Moscow hosted the first decade of Kazakh art, which were presented to the opera "Kiz-Jibek", "Zhalbyr." The title of People's Artist of the USSR was awarded the singer Kulash Bayseitova.o Centre for Kazakh professional painting workshop was P.G.Hludova. His star pupil was Abylkhan Kasteev.o In 1939 was opened the State Public Library. Pushkin (now the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan). In 1930, the country had 290 public libraries, and in 1939 - already 3304.In the 20-30-years in the field of culture and at the same time there were processes of creation and destruction of cultural achievements. On the one hand, there was a high rate of illiteracy elimination, implemented universal compulsory primary education, open universities and technical schools, formed the national intelligentsia, on the other hand, was on its extermination. Huge damage inflicted total ideological bias.