6. Saks: political history, economy and culture.

Tribes carrying a collective name “Saki”, inhabited the territory of Kazakhstan in the first millennium B.C. Saki tribes were contemporaries of the Scythians, who lived in the northern Black Sea coast, and Savromat — in the lower Volga and the south of Ural regions. They were contemporaries of the Persian of Cyrus era, the Greek of Alexander of Macedon era.

It is known about the attempts of Achaemenian kings to subdue the Saki, who were not successful. It is well-known names of Saki Queen Tamaris, herdsman Chirac, who led the Persian army in the desert.

They were great riders who learned how to use a bow while galloping at full speed. These were Scythian riders who became the prototype for fearless half-man and half horse centaurs.

At the end of the VI — the beginning of V century B.C. in the ancient East there are major political events associated with the Greek-Persian wars. Individual Saki tribes participated in these wars on the side of the Persians as allies and mercenaries. Easy Saki cavalry participated, for example, at the Battle of Gaugamela.

In the 30’s. of IV century B.C. Greek-Macedonians led by Alexander of Macedon defeated the army of Darius III , the last Achaemenid, and invaded Central Asia.

The invasion of the Greeks met with stubborn resistance of the peoples of Central Asia. Tribes that inhabited Kazakhstan at that time actively participated in the struggle against the Alexander of Macedon army. Trying of Alexander of Macedon with troops to cross the Syr Darya ended in failure. He was wounded by Saki boom. Saki mounds

These are huge constructions that compare with the Egyptian pyramids, reaching a height of 20 m and a diameter of 120-150 m.

There are mass of mounds of various sizes in the range of these parameters. Large mounds called “royal.” This is true because under them are buried members of the ruling dynasties and military elite of ancient tribes.

Mounds and burial mounds are found everywhere in Kazakhstan — in the steppes and semi-deserts, valleys between mountains, the mountains and foothills, river valleys. Especially numerous of them in Zhetysu, the foothills of the Junggar and Zailiysky Alatau

The famous Issyk burial ground is located among them, which was excavated by archaeologists Issyk burial mound and found buried there “Golden Man”. It is also the burial ground Besshatyr on the right bank of Ili River.

7) Ethno political history of Usuns in written sources.

In 177 BC Zhetisu formed in a state known from Chinese sources as "Country of Usuns". At the head of State was the governor, who bore the title of gunmo, having passed the throne is inherited. In addition to the supreme ruler existed 8 categories of officials. The capital of Usuns was Chiguchen on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul. It was a fortified city. Sources say that the possession of Usuns totaled 630 thousand people and could muster 183 thousand soldiers. Usuns development of copper, lead, tin, gold, and knew how to smelt iron from which manufactured household items and weapons. Of colored stones and precious metals to make jewelry. Ancient Usuns Zhetisu planted various species of animals. Sources say that they have been developed horse breeding. Rich Usuns had up to 5 thousand horses. Along with the cattle developed agriculture. Plant foods included in the permanent diet Usuns. They are used as rainfed and irrigated fields. Agriculture and sedentary ancient Usuns recorded in written sources. Thus, the Chinese historian Gu Bank reports "that the lady in waiting Fyn, leaning against the Chinese princess who married Usuns ruler, handed out gifts Usun settled the governors" who lived in the capital and its surroundings Chigu. Another source of the XIX century. Ho Chiu Tao, referring to the ancient sources, writes that although the ancient Usuns not "satisfied fields", but "sow trees."

Thus, the archaeological material and written sources indicate that the sedentary life and farming evolved in ancient Usuns in the first centuries BC and more widely in the III-V centuries. BC However Usun economy is still dominated by cattle.

In Usun society has property and social stratification, private ownership of livestock. Each family celebrated their herds hallmark-tamga. The existence of private ownership is confirmed in written sources. On social inequality in society Usun speak and archaeological sources. Numerous mounds Usun time in Zhetisu the wealth of burial vary.

8) Ak-Orda: origins, ethnopolitical history

AK Orda - the feudal state existing in the territory Desht-i-Kypchaka in the middle of XIII - the first third of the XV centuries. The territory of JSC Orda was created gradually, in process of easing of her dependence on the Golden Horde. The structure of JSC Ordy included east part of the ulus Dzhuchi (the left-hand wing), captured the extensive area of the modern Kazakhstan, except Zhetysu, to the East from the Ural River and to the North from the Aral Sea and the Syr-Darya River. In JSC Orde governed to Bath khan and its successors. Orda-Ezhen, the big brother to Bath, received in destiny the residence of the father Zhoshy-Kok Ordu, settling down in upper courses of Irtysh about the Lake Alakol. Sygnak was the capital of JSC Ordy in the XIV century. JSC Orda was occupied by Turkic tribes. Along with kypchaks on this territory lived naimans, uisuns, карлыки, кереиты, конграты, мангыты, аргыны, etc. Sasa-Booke's sultan was the first khan of JSC Ordy, after his death his son Erzen became the khan. At them the political history of JSC Ordy is characterized by fight for release of the territory of East Desht-i-Kypchaka from under the power of the Golden Horde. In the second half of XIV and in the first half of the XV centuries khans of JSC Ordy had to wage wars with the powerful neighbors. Mogolistan. In the late fifties of the XIV century the ulus чагатаидов broke up to the western and east parts which have become the independent states. The Vostchny part received Mogolistan's name. Mogolistan's structure included part of East Turkestan. It should be noted that Mogolistan's borders were not constants. East Turkestan that was included into the state тимуридов, again got under the power of governors of Mogolistan. "Tarikh-i Rashidi" Mirza Mahomed Haidar agrees, Mogolistan's borders were the following: "East suburb adjoins lands калмаков. … In the north of its border passes on Kokcha-Tengira (Balkhash), to Boom and Karatal; in the west of Mogolistan borders on Turkestan and Tashkent; in the south with the vilayet Fergana, Kashgar, Aksu, Chalysh, the Tourist's fan". The nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding in combination with semi-settled agriculture was a basis of economy of Mogolistan and the main occupation of its population. Mogolistan was state and political join of the local Turkic and tyurkizirovanny Mongolian tribes which decanted with local population and have formed an ethnopolitical community - "Moguls" ("могул"). Such tribes concerned to them as дулат, барласы, булгаги, etc. Mogolistan's education was a step forward on paths to emergence of ethnically national state join in the territory of Kazakhstan and affected process of formation of the Kazakh nationality. The Nogai Horde was other state education of the XV century which has towered after disintegration of the Golden Horde and weakening of JSC Ordy. The Nogai Horde - feudal state join of nomads - occupied the territory to the North from the Caspian and Aral seas, from the Volga River to Irtysh. The main population of the Nogai Horde made мангыты, конраты, найманы, аргыны, канлы, алшин, Tamm, etc. tribes. The horde capital-. The shed located in the lower reach of the river Yaik, - was large point of transit trade. The nomadic cattle breeding was the main occupation of the population. There was a developed craft and architecture. The Nogai Horde shared on the uluses headed мурзами. The Supreme power was carried out by the emir. Between uluses, tribes and childbirth there was the continuous fight for pasturable lands, the political power in a horde. Tribes and the childbirth occupying the Nogai Horde, have a direct bearing on formation of the Kazakh people.