66. The “Secret Speech” of Nikita Khrushchev and desalinization

Process of overcoming of a cult of personality and liquidation of the political and ideological system created in the USSR in the period of board of I.V. Stalin. This process led to partial democratization of the public life called by "thaw". The term "de-Stalinization" is used in the western literature from 1960th years. In February, 1956 the XX congress of CPSU at which the first secretary of the Central Committee of CPSU N. S. Khrushchev made the report "About a cult of personality and its consequences" where he condemned practice of mass repressions in the USSR took place and dated their beginning 1934, having excluded thereby from number of crimes of the Stalin raskulachivaniye mode, and also political repressions of the beginning of the 1930th. Stalin's political behavior was opposed to the "correct" Bolshevist policy which as a whole admitted to the lawful and answering Lenin ideological principles. All weight of fault for an unbinding of political repressions was assigned to I.V. Stalin and his immediate environment. Thus Khrushchev sought to exclude the participation in Stalin political terror therefore the criticism of Stalinism was limited, reliable information about political repressions was strictly dosed and was presented to the Soviet society from the sanction of the top party and state management. Begun by Khrushchev from the XX congress exposure of Stalinism didn't affect essence of the Soviet command management system, reducing all shortcomings of system to a cult of personality of Stalin. Khruschev's campaign for clarification from Stalin's heritage in the public sphere was carried out in the late fifties. Renaming of the cities and other objects which were called earlier in honor of Stalin was carried out. For example, in 1961 the “Stalinskaya” metro station in Moscow was renamed in "Semyonovsky". Dismantled monuments to Stalin. Process of the official de-Stalinization begun in 1956, reached the peak in 1961 at the XXII congress of Communist party of the Soviet Union. As a result of congress two key acts of de-Stalinization were adopted: first, on October 31, 1961 Stalin's body was taken out from the Mausoleum and buried on Red Square, and secondly, on November 11, 1961 Stalingrad was renamed into Volgograd

67) Kazakhstan during the growing crisis of the Soviet economic and socio-political system (1964 - 1985)

In 1965-ies. introducing scientific and technological progress: the electrification, use of chemicals, equipment companies high-performance equipment. By equipping the leading mining companies were on par with the best companies in the world. Technology has changed oil production. But these technologies are implemented very slowly. Businesses and many industries were not interested in implementing a new one. The industry developed by increasing the number of enterprises. The disparity between the mining and manufacturing industries (priority for mining). Enhancing the impact of hazardous waste on the environment. Manifest unsustainability of bureaucratic management of the economy. Efforts conversion. Expanding economic independence, management of profit. Increased financial interest, improve product quality. The economic reform has given impetus to the development. But its ability to use incomplete. Increased dictate center. Was not made radical restructuring. The growth of bureaucracy and limiting the autonomy of enterprises, the decline in economic growth. Participation of inflation. The economy is guided by extensive methods of growth. Half-hearted decisions. The reform applies only to specified sectors of the economy.

Since the 70's, the economy began to decline. Socio-economic development of the USSR is marked by a sharp increase in administrative management, control of economic power regions.

Tenth Five-Year Plan (1976-1980) was proclaimed "five-year plan of efficiency and quality," the results have been very modest. As before, the structure of the economy remained the same as it was in 1930-1950's. As a result of the incredible efforts in the 1980s, Western Siberia began to give more than 10% of the global production of oil and gas.

In the early 1970s, as a result of world commodity prices and the energy crisis in the western markets for energy rose sharply. It was therefore decided to boost the supply of oil and gas to the West. Between 1960 and 1985, the proportion of fuel and raw materials in the Soviet exports rose by 16.2 to 54.4, while the share of machinery and sophisticated equipment fell from 20.7 to 12.5%.

Fabulous facilities have a very modest impact on the economic development of the country. Costly mechanism grinds the money that was invested in the implementation of expensive and environmentally harmful unpromising protracted.

The results of the X-th (1976-1980) and XI-th (1981-1985) five-year plans to fully support the stagnant Soviet economic development. In the late 70's. there was virtually no growth in GNP, although Soviet statistics reported on the economic achievements systematically.

The targets for the tenth and eleventh five-year plans were lower than ninth.

In the tenth five-year plan soared foreign economic relations of the Soviet Union.

The average annual rate and the absolute increase in output of major industrial products in the USSR during the years 1970-1985. were higher than in the leading capitalist countries. This allowed the Soviet Union to keep superiority in comparison with the West and the U.S. in the rate of growth of national income, capital investments and productivity.

As a result, the economy has been affected by the negative consequences of disorder control mechanism. The economic growth rate fell rapidly. Reversal of reforms and a return to the old economic practice that openly heralded economic "counter-reform" of 1979 could not prevent it.

68) The policy of "perestroika" in Kazakhstan (1985-1991) Policy of "reorganization" in Kazakhstan (1985-1991). To the middle of the 80th years the Soviet Union appeared in anticipation of economic, social and political crisis. The command system was not able to answer realities of the modern era. The imperative need of updating of all parties of society, its economic bases, social life, a political system, the spiritual sphere began to be felt. In March, 1985, after K.Chernenko's death, the Secretary general of the Central Committee of CPSU elected the youngest term of the Politburo M.S.Gorbachev. Soon Plenum of the Central Committee of CPSU on which many questions of socioeconomic life were put in a new way took place April (1985). The rate at acceleration of social and economic development of the country was proclaimed. The Gorbachev period (1985 - 1991) lasted 7 years and became history as "Reorganization". In the history of reorganization four stages are clearly distinctive: The 1st stage – March 1985 – January, 1987. This stage passed under slogans – "acceleration" and "more socialism". The 2nd stage – 1987 - 1988. Slogans – "more democracy" and "publicity" became a keynote of this stage. The 3rd stage-1989 - 1990 the period "disorder and swaying". For this period split in uniform before reorganization camp, transition to open political, national opposition was characteristic. The 4th stage – 1990 - 1991. This stage was marked by crash of world socialist system. Political bankruptcy of CPSU and disintegration of the USSR In January, 1987 plenum of the Central Committee of CPSU, begun essential changes in economic, political life of the USSR which it is possible to call reforms rightfully took place In 1987 the Law on the state enterprise according to which public industries were put on a self-supporting basis, self-sufficiency and self-financing was adopted, could sign self-contained contracts for deliveries with the partners, the exit not a foreign market was allowed some large enterprises. In a political sphere in parallel M. Gorbachev entered into a political lexicon new concept – publicity as which the power understood "healthy" criticism of existing shortcomings, larger knowledge of the population and some weakening of censorship. "Stalinism", the main ideal – "return to Lenin norms of party and state life" became the main allowed object of criticism. Political reforms were begun by the XIX All-Union party conference (summer of 1988). M. Gorbachev suggested to extend the alternate elections to conferences on party the device, to combine a position of the first secretary of party committee with a post of the chairman of the board of People's Deputies. And, the most important, at conference it was approved, despite resistance of part of the party device, idea about creation of new, two-level system of the higher representative authority of the USSR and creation of a post of the President of the USSR.

69) The formation of independent Kazakhstan (1991-1995)August 19, 1991 throughout the Soviet Union announced the establishment of the State Emergency Committee (coup). Leaders of the Emergency Committee attempted to carry out a coup, despite scheduled for August 20, 1991 signing of the agreement Novo-Ogarevo leaders to reform the Soviet republics of the former Union. The coup failed because of the decisive rebuff supporters of democratic reforms led by the first President of Russia BN Yeltsin, active members of the conspiracy were arrested. Events on August 19 forced the collapse of the Soviet Union.The second part of the "treatment" consisted of the promises of the Emergency Committee: to hold public discussion draft of a new Union treaty to restore law and order, to support private enterprise to solve the food and housing problems, etc. But on August 21, the coup failed. Gorbachev returned to Moscow from Forsa, leaders of the coup were arrested. These events precipitated the collapse of the USSR.1 December 1991 general elections were held on the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, became such that on December 10 took office. December 10, 1991 Nursultan Nazarbayev signed into law a bill to change the name of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic to the Republic of Kazakhstan. December 12, 1991 the President issued a decree on the rehabilitation of people prosecuted for their participation in the events of 17-18 December 1986.

December 16, 1991 and was adopted on the same day entered into force on the Constitutional Law "On the State Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan."In early 1992, prices were liberalized and attempt to compress the money supply, causing hyperinflation. The need for the liberalization of prices was dictated by the new economic relations, demanding the formation of competitive market principles. Overdue decision to set up the banking system and the customs service.The Law "On Banks and Banking Activity in the Kazakh SSR" in 1990 laid the foundation for the reform of the banking system. New Law of RK "On the National Bank of Kazakhstan" was adopted in April 1993, which outlined the objectives and principles of action, authority and status of the National Bank, its role and place in the banking system, the interaction with the government of Kazakhstan.

July 6, 1993 Russia unilaterally money spent replacing the sample 1961-1992. The country has been brewing social and financial crisis. After that Kazakhstan ruble began to depreciate sharply, growing wage arrears. In the Government of Kazakhstan, the work proceeded in two directions counted alternative - options such as entry into the ruble zone, and the adoption of its own currency. The question of the name of the currency has been resolved in the debate on the Supreme Council when it adopted a proposal Takezhanova SA - Chairman of the Committee on Economic Reform, Finance and Budget Committee of the Supreme Council, to call the national currency - tenge and its hundred-fold part - tiyn.Design tenge engaged authors - G.Suleymenov, M.Alin, A.Duzelhanov. On denominations decided to immortalize the great historical figures of the Kazakh people and landmarks.By the beginning of 1993 in England at the firm, "Harrison & Sons' work began on making the Kazakh currency.November 15, 1993 for the first time in the history of Kazakhstan introduced the national currency - tenge.16 October 1991 adopted the law "On the Election of the President of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic." First election laws perpetuated election of the head of state "on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot." According to the 1993 Constitution, the president is head of state and head of a unified system of executive bodies. This position is strengthened by the new Constitution in 1995 it was assigned a new status of the President as head of state, providing coordinated functioning of all branches of government, which is the symbol and guarantor of the Constitution, the freedoms of man and citizen.

December 16, 1991 Kazakhstan has confirmed its commitment to follow the path of independent development, and based on the Declaration on State Sovereignty adopted the Constitutional Law "On the State Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan", which was marked by a transition line to a presidential republic.

In September 1995, the President signed a decree according to which the capital of Kazakhstan, Akmola was. Almaty maintained the status of the capital before moving to the Government and Parliament of the new capital. After some preliminary work in 1997 were transferred to the Parliament, the Cabinet of Ministers, the individual departments and agencies. After some time in the new capital, and the President settled with his unit..

In September 1995, the President signed a decree according to which the capital of Kazakhstan, Akmola was. Almaty maintained the status of the capital before moving to the Government and Parliament of the new capital. After some preliminary work in 1997 were transferred to the Parliament, the Cabinet of Ministers, the individual departments and agencies. After some time in the new capital, and the President settled with his unit.

  March 2, 1992 the country became a full member of OON.25 May 1992 in Moscow signed an agreement with Russia on mutual assistance, friendship and cooperation. In 1992, NA Nazarbayev issued a paper "Strategy for the formation and development of Kazakhstan as a sovereign Kazakhstan", in 1994. - "On the formation of the Eurasian Union" in 1995. - "On the medium-term program," in 1996 - "On the threshold in HH1."