63) Kazakhstan - an arsenal front during the Great Patriotic War

June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War. According to the plans of the fascist strategists, according to the plan "Barbarossa", the territory of Kazakhstan was to enter the "Grossturkestan." But the Soviet people courageous resistance from the first days tore plans "lightning" war.

From the first hours and days of the war on the territory of Kazakhstan formation of military units. Total was formed 12 rifle, four cavalry divisions, seven brigades, about 50 separate regiments and battalions of the different branches of service. Including three cavalry divisions and two infantry brigades were Kazakh national. During the war years in the army was intended to 1,196,164 Kazakhstani. To work in the industry was mobilized 670,000 people. At the same time, the territory of Kazakhstan arrived evacuees and repressed about 1.5 million people.

As is known, the initial period of the war was very heavy. By the end of 1941, the Soviet Union lost much of the territory where the focused strategic resources, and manufacturing. Under these conditions, significantly increased the role of Kazakhstan. War demanded increase production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, coal and oil, and rare metals. Started the restructuring of the economy on a war footing. For example, over 38 days was commissioned Dzhezdinsky manganese mine.

Kazakhstan took evacuated enterprises. In 1941 - 1942 years of the Republic was moved 220 factories, workshops and cooperatives, mainly from Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Moscow, Leningrad, including 54 plants and factories of light industry. The main areas of accommodation businesses were relocated Almaty, Uralsk, Petropavlovsk, Shymkent, Semipalatinsk. Karaganda, Aktobe. Total in 1941-1945 in Kazakhstan was built 460 enterprises, including evacuees. Kazakhstan began to give 85% lead, 35% copper, 60% molybdenum, 65% Bi, 79% of polymetallic ores. Karaganda miners during the war, was given 34 million tons of coal, a 39% increase in oil production.

Despite the fact that two-thirds were called to the front and rural workers of many collective farms and 80% of employees were women, farmers demonstrated labor heroism. Thus, of the link farm "Kurman" Aktobe region Sh Bercy set a world record yield of millet - 202 kg per hectare, of a link farm "Kyzyl-Tu" Kyzyl-Orda region I. Jahan set a world record for the cultivation of rice - 172 kg per hectare, team leader neighboring farm "Avangard" Kim Man himself collected 150 quintals of rice per hectare, real heroism shown Mukhashev J. Shepherd, M. Mukhamedieva beet growers, tabunschitsa Sh Shugaipova and many other heroes of Labor. It should be added that the rural workers of Kazakhstan not only gave the front bread, meat, raw, retaining and increasing the acreage and livestock, but also rescued animals evacuated from the front line, numbering nearly 370,000 individuals.

The population of Kazakhstan was to collect funds for the construction of tanks, planes, as well as entire columns and squadrons. Total voluntary contributions of Kazakhstan for the war amounted to 4,700 million rubles. In addition, the veterans sent warm clothes, gifts. Of the population received almost 2.5 million of warm clothes, the front was delivered 1600 cars gifts.

In Kazakhstan were evacuated as creative and research teams. In Alma-Ata profit Moscow and Leningrad film studio, more than 20 academic institutions and such world-renowned scientists, academicians as IP Vernadsky VAObruchev, Pankratova, AA Skochinsky and others.

Served as a spiritual weapon literature. On the heroes of the front and rear of such masters wrote poetry and prose, as Zhambyl M.Auezov, S. Muhanov, D. Snegin, as well as young writers Muldagaliev D., S. Maulenov, S. Seitov, J. Sain. About 90 writers and poets Kazakhstan fought on the fronts of the war.

64. Kazakhstan during post-war years (1946-1953). The restructuring of the economy to the peace and harmony of its post-war development were associated with extreme difficulties of internal order. Was destroyed a third of the country's wealth: destroyed 1,710 cities, more than 70 thousand villages and small towns, a lot of factories, plants, mines, thousands of kilometers of railways, etc. The deaths numbered in the millions - at last count, killed about 30 million Soviet citizens. There was a shortage of labor, equipment, housing, food. Restoration of the war-shattered economy required the mobilization of all the forces of the Soviet people.In carrying out the overall objectives for the country and further recovery of the national economy occupies a special place Kazakhstan. Due to the fact that the territory of Kazakhstan are evacuated factories, construction of new and expanded existing enterprises, the industry of Kazakhstan during the war far exceeded the pre-war level.But the consequences of the war were difficult and the economy of Kazakhstan. Decreased production of many industrial products, especially consumer goods. Greatly exacerbated the problem of labor resources. In the factories and in agriculture was an acute shortage of manpower. This was due to several reasons. Most of the experts who were evacuated to Kazakhstan during the war, they returned to their homes. Many Kazakhs were killed at the front and did not return from the war. Was generally low professional qualifications of the workers of factories. To eliminate labor shortages and recruiting the working class in the country were established throughout schools and colleges labor reserves. The material and technical base of agriculture has been thoroughly undermined. Much reduced crop yields and livestock productivity.Despite these difficulties, the working people of Kazakhstan continued to provide selfless assistance in the reconstruction and development of the national economy suffered from the Nazi occupation of parts of the country. From Kazakhstan were trains loaded with wood, coal, metals, machinery, equipment, and tools, grain and other products of industry and agriculture. The people of Kazakhstan took part in the reconstruction of the economy of Leningrad, Stalingrad, Bryansk, Kursk, Oryol regions, the Moscow region, the North Caucasus and many other affected cities and regions of the country. Kazakhstan patronize over 12 cities and 45 regions of the country. In the liberated areas of Ukraine, Belarus and other republics had left 20 thousand railway workers, many miners, machine, metallurgov1).When translating the national economy to a peacetime footing hundreds of companies working for the war, rebuilt on the issue of civilian products. With this advantage was given to the accelerated development of heavy industry, such as metallurgy and machine-building, chemical and light industry. Conducted the training and retraining of workers, produced reallocation of labor. Necessary measure - labor mobilization of citizens to work in industry and construction, is used in the war years, was replaced by an organized collection. Due to the large part of the demobilization of the Armed Forces of the USSR in 1945 arrived in Kazakhstan 104 thousand retired soldiers and officers, and by January 1, 1947 - 188.2 thousand people. In the industry was restored 8 - hour day, lifted the massive overtime and weekend work. Workers and employees granted paid leave.Emergency was lifted martial law, abolished the State Defense Committee and all control of the economy focused again on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1946, SNK has been transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR SNK Kazakh SSR - the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, and the People's Commissars - 1, respectively, in the ministry).The working people of Kazakhstan, having overcome all difficulties and in 1946 largely completed the transition of the economy to a peacetime footing.The post-war five-year plan.The program of post-war development was determined the "Law on the five-year plan of restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR for 1946-1950", approved in March 1946 by the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The Soviet people was a task: "... to restore the affected areas of the country, to restore pre-war levels of industry and agriculture, and then surpass this level considerably 2).In accordance with the five-year plan of the USSR was developed and adopted by the IX Session of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR, July 24, 1946 a five-year plan for the post-war economic development of Kazakhstan for 1946-1950.Capital investments in the national economy of the republic on the five-year period provided for in the amount of 8.8 billion rubles (in the old scale of prices). In industrial production by the end of the Fourth Five-Year Plan Kazakhstan had to exceed the 1940 level by 2.2 times. The law stated the need to complete by the end of 1946 the post-war reconstruction of the national economy.

65) Kazakhstan during the "Khrushchev decade" (1953-1964). The Khrushchev “thaw” is an unofficial name of the period in the history of the USSR after the death of Joseph Stalin (from 1953 to 1964). The expression “thaw” comes from the title of the short story written by Illya Ehrenburg. The notion of “the Khrushchev “thaw” is connected with Mykyta Khrushchev being on the position of the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1953-1964). During this period some positive changes were traced: fewer repressions, selective rehabilitation of those sentenced and repressed in the Stalin period, partial liberalization of political life, slight weakening of the totalitarian regime.

After the death of Joseph Stalin on March 5^th, 1953, M.Khrushchev, who was the leader of the communist party, held the course for the reformation of the Stalin regime. As the power of M.Khrushchev was becoming stronger, the “thaw” was associated with the denouncement of the personality cult and repressions of Joseph Stalin. At the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956 M.Khrushchev delivered the speech criticizing the personality cult and repressions of Joseph Stalin. In the foreign policy of the USSR “peaceful cooperation” with the Western world was proclaimed. The new course received support from the party administration and service nomenclature. During these years in the GULAG system many uprisings of prisoners sparked off under anti-Stalin mottos (uprisings in Norilsk, Vorkuta, and Kenhir). Preparation of new political processes has stopped, liquidation of GULAG began. A number of political prisoners in the USSR (including Ukraine) were released from prisons and rehabilitated. During this time censorship weakened a little, first of all in at and literature. At the same time in 1954-1956 there were a number of court trials against former members of the OUN that ended with death sentence (Kyrylo Osmak, Vasyl Okhrymovych and others).

In 1954 Crimean peninsular was added to the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. Its economy was in the state of decline after massive deportation of Crimean Tatars.

The period of “thaw” did not last long. After massive anti-communist uprisings in 1953 in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), in Poland in 1956 and after suppression of the Hungarian uprising in 1956, party administration of the USSR, scared of the possible liberalization of political regime, started active resistance to the processes of destalinization. The Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on December 19^th, 1956, confirmed the letter “On enhancing the political work of party organizations in the masses and suspension of sallies of anti-Soviet hostile elements”. As a result, the number of those sentenced for “counterrevolutionary crimes” rose. In 1958 parents could “choose” in what language their children will study at schools.

In 1961 Khrushchev started a new wave of destalinization, which culminated when the tomb of the dictator was taken out of Kreml mausoleum. During this period the movement of shestydesyatnyky (“generation of the sixties”) appeared, which indicated the existence of crisis phenomena in totalitarian regime of the USSR. But still any dissent was violently punished. In particular, in May 1961 the Lviv regional court sentenced Ukrainian writer Levko Lukyanenko to execution. Accusations were based on the first project of the program of the Ukrainian labor-peasant union. The writer was accused in the fact that “from 1957 he was developing the idea of separation of the Ukrainian SSR form the USSR; he also was undermining the authority of the Communist party of the Soviet Union, as well as slandering the theory of Marxism-Leninism”. Apart from L.Lukyanenko the court sentenced other representatives of the nationally conscious intelligentsia – I.Kandyba (up to 15 years), S.Verun (up to 11 years), V.Lutskov, O.Lyubovych, I.Kipish and Y.Borovnytskyy (up to 10 years for each of them). After 72 days the Supreme Court changed the execution of L.Lukyanenko for 15 years of imprisonment. Others were sentenced to 7-15 years of prison.

Generally, Khrushchev’s policy was inconsistent and debatable. The food crisis began as a result of experiments in agriculture. Reclamation of about 16 million hectares of land in Kazakhstan and Siberia, conducted mainly in the Ukrainian SSR, caused depletion of resources from Ukraine. Administration of the Communist Party at the October Congress of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union dismissed M.Khrushchev.

Despite of partial destalinization, the Soviet centralized regime remained unchanged. Christians were persecuted, churches were destroyed, repressions of the representatives of intelligentsia resumed, former political prisoners were persecuted. During Khrushchev’s rule Ukraine, with its substantial resources and powerful fuel and energy base, became a resource appendage for Soviet political and economic system.