- •1. History of Kazakhstan as a science. The purpose and objectives of the study.
- •3) Kazakhstan in the Bronze Age. “Andronovo culture."
- •4. Religion
- •6. Saks: political history, economy and culture.
- •7) Ethno political history of Usuns in written sources.
- •In Turkic languages, the word "ak" means "white", "sacred"
- •In historical science hasn’t consensus on the term "Ak Orda", because in the medieval sources contained conflicting data about Ak Orda and Kok Orda.
- •9) Usuns: archaeological sites, settlements and facilities
- •10 . Mogolistan. : origins, ethnopolitical history.
- •11. Kangüy: archaeological sites, settlements and facilities.
- •13) State of nomadic Uzbeks. : origins, ethnopolitical history
- •14. The political history of the Huns
- •16. The Turk khaganate: ethnopolitical history, sources and culture
- •17) Western Turkic Khaganate: sources and history of the study
- •18) Turgesh khaganate: sources and history of the study
- •19) The formation of the Kazakh Khanate: sources and history of the study
- •20 . Karluk: ethnopolitical history, economy, and culture.
- •21. The Karakhanid state: sources and history of the study, economy, and culture
- •23)State of Oguz: ethnopolitical history, economy, and culture.
- •24. The history of the Kazakh Khanate in the XV-XVIII centuries
- •26. Kazakhstan in first third of хviii century. Tevkelev – 1-st ambassador of the Russian empire
- •27) Political parties and movements in Kazakhstan in the early twentieth century.
- •28) The Policy of Russian authorities in Kazakhstan of 30-50th years of XVIII c.
- •30 . Tsarism’s policy in Kazakhstan in the 1 st half of 19 century.
- •31. Formation of Inner Horde. Bukey-khan
- •33) Anti colonial struggle in Inner Horde under the leadership of I. Taimanov and m. Utemisov.
- •34. The national liberation movement of Kazakhs under the leadership of Sultan Kenesary.
- •36. Military Campaign of the Russian army to Central Asia in the first half of х1х century
- •37) Policy of Khiva and Kokand toward the Kazakhs in the first half of х1х century
- •39) Historiography of history of joining of Kazakhstan to Russia. Comparative analysis of this problem.
- •40.Administrative reform in Kazakhstan in the 60-s of h1h of century.
- •43) Contribution of Chokan Valikhanov in the study of the history of the Kazakh people.
- •44. Altynsarin's contribution to the development of Kazakh literary language and ethnography.
- •46. Kazakh-Jungar relations in the 40s of XVII century: Features and forms.
- •47) Oral tradition and literature in the хiх century
- •48) Educational policy of Kazakhstan in first half of х1х century.
- •49. State Duma and the Kazakh intelligentsia
- •50. Contribution to the study of Kazakhstan of Russian scientists
- •53) The newspaper "Kazakh" and the Journal "Aikap in the history and culture of the Kazakh people.
- •54. First World War. Rebellion of 1916.: The historiography of the issue.
- •55)Anti-colonial rebel of kazakhs in turgay and ural regions in 1869.Rebellion of adai in mangyshlak in 1870.
- •56. FirstI all-Kazakh Congress in Orenburg (5-13 December 1917) and its decision on the Kazakh autonomy.
- •86. December Kazakh Congress in 1917. Government of Alash Horde.
- •57) Civil war on the territory of Kazakhstan (1918-1920)
- •59) The collectivization of agriculture - the tragedy of the peasants in Kazakhstan
- •60. Industrialization: the nature, pace, results
- •62) Soviet cultural modernization in Kazakhstan (20-30-s)
- •63) Kazakhstan - an arsenal front during the Great Patriotic War
- •66. The “Secret Speech” of Nikita Khrushchev and desalinization
- •67) Kazakhstan during the growing crisis of the Soviet economic and socio-political system (1964 - 1985)
- •70. Socio-political development of independent Kazakhstan
- •1921 – 1929 – Years of carrying out New Economic Policy.
- •73) The mass repression of 1937-1938 and its consequences.
- •75) People deportation to Kazakhstan- the crime of totalitarianism
- •76. Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: Origins, results, lessons
- •77) The development of science during war. Creation of a "History of the Kazakh ssr" (1943) and its value.
- •80. The first secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan Dinmuhammed Kunayev (1964-1986).
- •81. December events of 1 986 years in Alma-Aty: the crisis of ethnocentric policies of the Soviet state.
- •83) Kazakhstan during the reform era of Mikhail Gorbachev
- •84. Results of the 20th anniversary of the country's independent development
- •85) First Kazakh President- n.A. Nazarbayev (political portrait.)
- •87) Kazakhstan in the years of Khrushchev's reforms. Virgin and fallow lands: implications and lessons.
- •90. The collapse of the ussr and the formation of the cis
59) The collectivization of agriculture - the tragedy of the peasants in Kazakhstan
The collectivization of agriculture - one of the most important event was the Bolshevik leadership of the totalitarian period. The purpose of collectivization was the centralization of management of agriculture, control of production and the budget to overcome the consequences of the crisis NEP economy. The most important feature of collectivization was the unification of forms of collective farms (kolkhoz), which gave the state a certain amount of land and who was seized most of the manufactured product. Another feature of the collective farms was strict subordination of all collective farms centered, directive on collective farms were established pursuant to the provisions of the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars.
Collectivization policies have lifted the land lease, the prohibition of wage labor and dispossession, ie confiscation in rich peasants (kulaks) of land and property. Sami fists, if they were not shot, sent to Siberia or the Solovki. Thus, only in Ukraine in 1929 under court was given more than 33 thousand fists, their property confiscated and completely sold out. In 1930-1931,. during collectivization in parts of the country were evicted approximately 381 thousand "kulak" families. In total, the dispossession of displacement of more than 3.5 m and a man. Confiscated from the kulaks cattle also sent to the collective farms, but the lack of control and funding of the animals led to livestock losses. From 1928 to 1934 the number of cattle has decreased by almost half.
Measures collectivization met massive resistance of the peasants. Passive resistance of the peasants and the relocation of the town were broken introduction in 1932 passport system, attach the peasants to the land. Refusals to join the collective farm were considered as sabotage and undermine the foundations of the Soviet, those who resisted the forcible incorporation into collective farming, equated to the kulaks. In order to interest the peasants were allowed to create subsidiary farming on a small plot of land allotted to the garden, house and outbuildings. Was authorized to sell its products, obtained from private farming. result of the policy of collectivisation by 1932 was created 221 thousand farms, accounting for approximately 61% of farms. By the years 1937-1938. collectivization was completed. Over the years, built more than 5,000 machine-tractor stations (MTS), which provided the village of equipment necessary for planting, harvesting and processing of grain. Expanded acreage in the direction of increasing industrial crops (potatoes, sugar beet, sunflower, cotton, buckwheat, etc.). According to many indicators, the results did not meet the planned collectivization. For example, the growth of gross domestic product in 1928-1934 gg. by 8%, instead of the planned 50%. On the level of efficiency of the collective can be judged by the growth of state procurement of grain, rising from 10.8 (1928) to 29.6% (1935). However, the share of farms accounted for 60 to 40% of the total production of potatoes, vegetables, fruits, meat, butter, milk and eggs.
As a result of collectivization was arranged transfer of financial, material and labor resources from agriculture to industry. Agricultural development was conditioned by the needs of the industry and ensure its technical raw materials, so the main result of collectivization was an industrial leap.
In the party leadership began discussions about policy choices transformation of agriculture. Mindful of the peasant uprisings in 1920, Bukharin and A.Rykov proposed change course and stop putting pressure on the peasantry. 15th Congress of the CPSU (b) secured Stalin's position on the reform of the early village violent methods, declaring the collectivization of the main task of the party in the village. To overcome the crisis in the state grain procurement resorted to emergency measures and started to implement the collectivization of agriculture. By 1928, was finally chosen form of cooperation. Preference was given to collective farms and state farms (artisanal form of cooperation). In 1929, Stalin had taken a number of measures to accelerate the pace of collectivization.
Using the situation to put additional pressure on the peasantry, Stalin intensified repression. That the peasants were unable to leave the village, the NKVD troops blocked the entire areas. The authorities have refused international aid. By mid-1934 the deal was done. The price of repression and destruction of the peasantry, collectivization was complete.Tragic for the Kazakhs became violent settling of herders - nomads and semi-nomads, carried out during the years of collectivization. V1930, it was translated into sedentary 87136 households in 1933 - 242208. The very mechanism of settling understood very simplistic: massed hundreds of farms in one place, and then organized by type of fixed settlements villages.
As a result of all these activities have led to the tragedy of famine years of 1930-1933, the loss of it amounted to about 2.1 million people in the country. The representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia beaten about the alarm. For example, the known letters T.Ryskulov I.Stalin on September 29, 1932 and March 9, 1933, where he described in detail the situation. Fleeing from famine and repression, more than 1 million people have migrated from Kazakhstan, of which 616 thousand irrevocably. The tragedy of collectivization Kazakhs are scattered in a number of countries, such as China is now home to their 1,070 th in Mongolia - 137 thousand in Turkey - 120 thousand.
Against forced collectivization and sedimentation Kazakhs were made by representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia - Bukeikhanov A., M. Dulatov Sadvakassov S., T. Ryskulov etc. Even Stalin himself was forced to admit that collectivization had been "allowed large excesses." March 2 in "Pravda" published an article by Stalin's "Dizzy with success". Stated that "it is impossible to impose collective force."