56. FirstI all-Kazakh Congress in Orenburg (5-13 December 1917) and its decision on the Kazakh autonomy.

86. December Kazakh Congress in 1917. Government of Alash Horde.

In March, 1917 the group of the Kazakh newspaper began to be made out in political party. After long preparation in July, 1917 at the 1st all-Kazakh congress the decision on formation of party, development of the program and promotion of candidates for the constituent assembly is made. On October 5, 1917 the party received the name Alash (treats Provisional government). Leaders — Bukeykhanov, Baytursynov. Entered Zhumabayev, Kudayberdiyev, Toraygyrov. Party of a liberal baystvo and petty-bourgeois democracy. Party leaders didn't accept October revolution and idea of images of the Kazakh statehood on the Soviet basis. The program — a state system — Kazakhstan is included into Russia as the democratic federal republic, local freedom — the Autonomy of Kazakhs is included into the Russian Federal Republic, all are equal, the personal freedom, all religions are equal, the power and court have to be under construction according to features of each people, collection of taxes on wealth degree, workers are protected by the law, compulsory education, providing with Earth of indigenous people. Alash Orde it was entrusted to take in hand all executive power over the Kazakh population. From 25 places in Alash 10 it was provided to a horde to the Cossacks. Considered creation of the Kazakh militia. Leaders Alash, formally supporting the Soviet power, through the representations conducted policy of washing out of the new power from within. Using weakness of Councils, alash orda members took a step on creation of new administrative structure, formed militia groups. The beginning of civil war prevented creation of the Kazakh autonomy.

57) Civil war on the territory of Kazakhstan (1918-1920)

The Civil War - the most acute form of social conflict nationals of one country in the struggle for power. May 25, 1918 began a revolt of the Czechoslovak Corps White Legion captured Petropavlovsk, Kokshetau, Akmola, Omsk, Pavlodar, Semipachatinsk, Kustanaj. Ataman A.Dutov in June 1918 took the Orenburg and cut the railway linking Kazakhstan to Central Russia. Against the Soviets acted government Alash Orda, officially recognizing white guard Siberian Government. In November 1918, the Supreme Ruler of Russia proclaimed himself Admiral Kolchak, he led the White movement in the eastern part of the country. In the Trans-Caspian region of Iran and British forces arrived in March 1918, defeating the Ural Council, White Cossacks captured the Urals. Special detachment twice tried to liberate the city. In November 1918, the Second Corps of the Siberian steppe Separate white army launched an operation on Semirech'e direction to master Tashkent. At the end of 1918 on the front Semirech’e Division was transferred Ataman Annenkov Tips creating military units, called "Muslim", the formation of national military units initially held on the principle of voluntariness. In 1920, in Turkestan was declared the first forced recruitment of indigenous people. By the end of 1920 in Bukeyev, Turgay and Ural regions were formed 37 units. Formation of military units involved in the extraordinary commissioner of Steppes A.Dzhangildin, Commissar Turgay County A.Imanov, B.Karataev, commanders and commissars T.Aliyev, S.Argancheev, B.Almanov, D. Dzhansheshev, M.Masanchi, A.Rozybakiev, U.Isaev, A. Urazbayeva. Military action at the front on the territory of Kazakhstan, were closely associated with military operations on the Eastern Front. In January 1919, the Red Army liberated the Orenburg and Uralsk. Connection has been restored Soviet Russia with Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In the spring of 1919 the main attack against the Soviet troops suffered Kolchak. Whites against the partisan movement. The organizers of the underground in Kustanai county became participants of the October uprising in Moscow M.G.Letunov, Black Sea Navy sailor G.I.Mulyar, a member of the storming of the Winter Palace A.I.Mironov, a member of Turgay Sovdep K.M.Inozemtsev, the chairman of the KGB and the Kustanai . Elbe. Underground in Kenaralskoy parish headed by one of the leaders of the 1916 uprising Utepov Ibraev in Uiskoe parish-Kakimzhan Sarkin. In the Northern Seven Rivers important role in the struggle for Soviet power has played defense Cherkassy (June 1918-October 1919). The rebels in the rear Kolchak peasants in April 1919 stormed Kustanaj. However, to gain a foothold in the city failed, Kolchak's troops recaptured Kustanaj. The defeat of Kolchak's forces in Kazakhstan was assigned to the North and South of the Eastern Front. The troops under the command of the Southern Group of Frunze in June 1919 released Ufa. In July, the defeat of the White Guard troops besieging Uralsk, together with the 25th Division participated Chapaevsky Kazakh Cavalry Brigade summer of 1919 troops on the Eastern Front threw Kolchak the Urals. The First Army of the Turkestan Front launched an offensive in the direction of the main force against Aktobe Orenburg counterrevolution - Southern Army Kolchak's forces. On the part of the Aral Sea upcoming support of front of Abtubinsk Caught in a vise. South Kolchak army was forced to surrender. In September 1919, the station MUGOJAR Orenburg-Tashkent Railway First Army merged with the front part of Aktobe. Turkestan was re-connected to Central Russia. January 5, 1920 the troops of the Turkestan Front took Guriev, Ural front was eliminated. In autumn 1919 the liberation of Kolchak the North, then East Kazakhstan Fifth Army of the Eastern Front (commander Tukhachevsky). Were released Petropavlovsk, Akmola. In November, the Military Revolutionary Committee restored the Soviet power in Semipalatinsk. By the end of March 1920 was released by the White Guards northern part of the Semipalatinsk region, liquidated Semirechensky front. In June 1920 anti-Soviet revolt broke out in Verne.

58) Turkestan ("Kokand" autonomy). Mustafa Chokai. Soviet state building in Kazakhstan Moustapha Chokay in the article "Kerensky and National Driving in Turkestan") writes about the excesses made by Bolsheviks concerning indigenous people, so: "As a result" blockade by hunger" were lost 1 million 117 thousand Turkestanis … At November conference of 1917 Bolsheviks made the decision not to allow Turkestanis to management of Turkestan The Kokandsky autonomy was one of the first experiences of restitution of Turkestani statehood by a democratic path through the free will of the people. Its defeat gave an impetus to emergence of broad national liberation driving in Turkestan. After the announcement "the Kokandsky independent government beyond the law" and decision-making "to arrest leaders", Bolsheviks appointed 1000 rubles for Moustapha Chokaya's head. On the first of May, 1918 Moustapha Chokay under others surname accompanied by the spouse Maria Yakovlevna leaves Tashkent. In the conditions of a defiance national interests of indigenous people and the adoption of class approach as single principle of formation of statehood political forms of fight could lead only to physical elimination of leaders and supporters of national liberation driving. To damp a Bolshevist ardor and to suspend Bolshevist excesses in the region, it was possible to turn succession of events to the democracy course, having only made world public all truth about "red terror" in Turkestan. It became Moustapha Chokaya's primal problem which could be carried out only outside Bolshevist Russia, in emigration. According to the Russian historians, Bolsheviks tried to attract Moustapha Chokaya on the party more narrow from the first days of establishment of the Soviet power in Turkestan, suggesting it to be a part of Turkestani Council of People's Commissars as the chairman [45] and a bit later - to become the adviser of the Soviet government in kemalistsky Turkey [46]. After departure from Tashkent Moustapha Chokay together with revolutionary socialists in August, 1918 participates in work of the 2nd meeting of Committee of terms of the Constituent assembly which has passed in Chelyabinsk, and in September of the same year - in work of the State meeting in Ufa [47]. During the same period Moustapha Chokay cooperates with the Georgian avtonomist, actively participates in political life of Muslim community in the Caucasus, works in editorial offices of Volnye Gortsy and Borba newspapers, with financial support of the Georgian government adjusts the At a Boundary magazine edition, having become his editor-in-chief [48]. Moustapha Chokay in Tbilisi издаваёт also two Muslim newspapers - "Eni Dunya" ("The new world") and "Shafak" ("Dawn") in the Turkish language [49]. Prior to the beginning of 1921, that is before invasion of parts of Red army under Sergo Ordzhonikidze's command to Georgia, Moustapha and Maria Chokay live in Tbilisi. Arrival of Bolsheviks to Georgia compels them to move to Istanbul where Moustapha Chokay cooperates with the Tayms newspaper [50]. In March, 1921 of spouse Chokay leave Turkey and will emigrate to France. Moustapha Chokay will continue in Europe interrupted October. Moustapha Chokay, understanding all responsibility which assigns to them declaration of the Kokandsky autonomy in conditions of that time, in the performance at congress told that for creation of the plethoric state and its preservation shots and army are required. It reminded that "how Russia was weakened, it is stronger than Turkestan" [20]. Later, in 1932, analyzing December events, Moustapha Chokay in the article "Memories of December Events") * writes: "Declaration of an autonomy lifted spirit of Turkestanis. The Kokandsky autonomy was a particular stage in our life, shown as far as our belief in the Russian revolution and the Russian democracy" [21] was blind. Without having army, the Kokandsky autonomy did not manage to resist to surpassing forces of Bolsheviks, and after 64-day existence on February 13, 1918 was crushed. Supporters of an autonomy were compelled to depart to Fergana Valley where over 10 years waged guerrilla war.